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biology > topic 4 - genetic infomration, variatoin and relationships between organisms > Flashcards

topic 4 - genetic infomration, variatoin and relationships between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do different specieslook the same?

A

similar environmnents
similar selction pressures
similar alles with selctive advantage
similar protiens produced
similar charachteristcs

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2
Q

3 domains

A

eukaryotes
prokaryotes
archea

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3
Q

why do we clasify organisms?

A

understand relationships between organisms
universal
treack changeswhy

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4
Q

why do we not clasify off the basis of physical characteristcis?

A

some members of the same specifies look different e..g idfferent dog breeds
some different species look similar, may accidently class htem as the same speciies.

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5
Q

phylogenic clasifcation

A

tells us about evolutionamlry origins and relsationships
who and how closely related

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6
Q

what do we classify on the basis of?

A

mrna sequence
dna seqeunce
amino acid sequence
immunological - shape of self anti bodies

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7
Q

what are the taxes

A

domian
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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8
Q

hierarchy defenition

A

smaller groups within larger groups, no overlap between groups.

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9
Q

binomial name.
what is it ?
why do we use it?

A

genus. species
universal and gives us a better understnaidn gof how species are related

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10
Q

what are some of the ways bioldiversity is decreased?

A

destriction of hegerows
selective breeding
monocultures
draining weltsnds
over grazing
fillings ponds

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11
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

variety of genes within all indivuduals of a population of one species

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12
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

range of different habitats

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13
Q

species richness

A

number of species in a particilar area at a parcticluar time

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14
Q

species diversity

A

number of soecies and indivudlas within each species in a comunity

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15
Q

what is an index of diversity?

A

measure of soecies diversity measures the relationship between the number ofspecies in a comunity and numbr of indiviuduals in a species.

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16
Q

what are mutations

A

alteratoin of base dna

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17
Q

what are the mutagenic agents

A

alpha or beta
x rays or gamma rays
carcinogens

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18
Q

outline additoin ( mutatoin )

A

nucleotide is added in
frame shift altering amino acid sequence
akk triplets byone mutation are altred

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19
Q

outline deletion ( mutation )

A

backwards frame shift

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20
Q

outline substitution ( mutation )

A

one base is swapped for another
degenrate - possibly no change

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21
Q

outline inversion ( mutatin )

A

selection of bases leave and return inversted

22
Q

outline transolcation ( mutatin )

A

leave and attatch onto different chromozones

23
Q

what is directional selection

A

extreme trait has sleective advantage due to a chnage in the envoronment

24
Q

3 different adaptation types

A

anatomical
physical
behavioural

25
Q

evolution - defentiotn

A

change in allele freuencey over many generations in a population

26
Q

how to identiify meiosis

A

2n - n
diploid - haplopid

27
Q

4 steps to crossing over:

A

when facing eachoher parts of chormatids become twisted around eachother
this puts tention on the pars of chromatids causing them to break
broken portions of chromatids rejoin wiht another chormatid
new allele combos

28
Q

oitline indepandant segregatoin

A

randomly paternal and paternal pairs line up on the qeuator of the cell
pairs are seperated and one of each pair ends up in the daughter cell

29
Q

how is variatoin is mitosis produced?

A

crossing over
independatn segrgation

30
Q

what is 2n

A

number of homogenous pairs
indenedant segregatoin

31
Q

random fertlaisatoin…

A

produced vsristion in chromozones (2^n)^n

32
Q

what are three main features of the genetic code

A

universal degenrate non overlapping

33
Q

what are start codons

A

start of the polype[tide chain

34
Q

what are stop condons

A

end of the polypeptide chain
dont code for amino acids ( so no completmeentry anti codons )
atc, act, att
caude ribsolsome to detatch and stop translocatoin

35
Q

what is degenerate. advantage why?

A

each amino acid is coded for by mroe than one triplet of bases
point mutatoin - change in one base
trieplet dsifference, may still code for the same aa ( silent mutastion )

36
Q

what is universal. advanatge?

A

same base triplety codes for the same amino acid ine every organism
adv - genertic engenering is possible e.g inserting human gene for insulin into basvteria

37
Q

what is non overlapping. advantage?

A

each base is only part of one trplet, triplets read as one discrete unit
advantage? - point muation only affects one codon / triplet - 1 aa

38
Q

what are introns

A

non conding section of dna
not in bacteria
spliced out of mrna

39
Q

what are exons

A

coding section of dna
code for animo acid therefore polypetide chain

40
Q

what is genome

A

compete set of dna

41
Q

what is a proteome

A

range of protiens that is constantly changing

42
Q

what are homologous pairs of chromozones

A

same genes different allels

43
Q

dna is wrapped around? to creat?

A

histomes, neucleozomes
( only in eukaeyontes )

44
Q

what is a gene

A

seoction of dna conding for a polypeptide and functional rna

45
Q

what is a locus

A

location of a particalr gene on a chromozone

46
Q

alle what is

A

a version of a gene

47
Q

transciption - defenition

A

copy of one gene onto mrna

48
Q

translation - defenition

A

mrna joins with ribosome and trna beings specific amino acid

49
Q

steps - transciption

A
  1. dna helix unwinds
  2. one strand used as a template
  3. done by dna helicasse catalisng the reaction breaking hydrogen bonds
  4. free mrna neucleotides join wiht template strand
  5. rna polymerase bings erna neucolotides
50
Q

what happens after transcription

A

pre mrna is made into mrna
introns spliced out vias splicezome

51
Q

steps to translatoin

A

mrna attatvhed to ribosome in cytoplasm at start codon
trna wirth completmentry anti codons aligns oposite mrna
polymerase
contunies till stop codon ( doesnt code for mrna ) so ribosome detatches

biology (5 decks)

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