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biology > topic 1 - biological molecules > Flashcards

topic 1 - biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monomer

A

smaller units wich can creat larger molecules

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2
Q

polymer defenition

A

made from lots of monomers bonded together

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3
Q

plolymers of glucose ( monomer )

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

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4
Q

ploymer of amino acids ( monomers )

A

protiens

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5
Q

polymers for neucleotides ( monomer )

A

dna
rna

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6
Q

what is a condensatoin reactoin

A

joing two molecules creating a chemical bond and removing water

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7
Q

hydolisis reactoin

A

brekaes a chemical bond betweeen tewo molecules and involved the use of water

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8
Q

carbohydrastes - monosacherides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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9
Q

carbodystrates - disachersides

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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10
Q

carbohydrates - polysacherides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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11
Q

isomer

A

e.g glucose
same molecular formula different stucture

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12
Q

disachersides are made of two…

A

monosachersides

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13
Q

what are disachersides joined together by

A

glycosidic bond

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14
Q

glucose + glucose -

A

maltose and water

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15
Q

glucose and galactose -

A

lactorse and water

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16
Q

glucose and fructose -

A

sucrose and water

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17
Q

what monomer is starch made of?

A

alpha glucose

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18
Q

what monomer is cellulose made of?

A

betas glucose

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19
Q

what monomer is glycogen made of?

A

alpha glucose

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20
Q

starch - bonds between monomers

A

1 - 4 glycosidic bonds in amylose
1-4 and 1-6 in amylopectin

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21
Q

bonds between monomers - glyxogen

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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22
Q

starch finction

A

store of glucose

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23
Q

cellulose functoin

A

strutcutral strnegth for the cell wall

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24
Q

glycogen function

A

store of function

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25
Q

starch location

A

plant cells ( eg chloroplasts )

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26
Q

cellulose locatoin

A

plants - cell wall

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27
Q

glycogen location

A

aminals - mainly in muslce and liber cells

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28
Q

starch structure

A

made of 2 polymers:
amylose - an unbranched helix
amylopectin - a breanched molecule

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29
Q

cellulose structure

A

polymer forms long straight chains
chains are held in parralell by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils

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30
Q

glycogen structure

A

a highly branched molecule

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31
Q

starch - explantion of how the structure leads to the functoin

A

helix can compact to fit s lot of glucose into a small space
brahced structure increases surace area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
wont affect water pottential

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32
Q

cellulose - how the structure leads to the function

A

many hydrogen bonds provide collective strgneth
insuluble - wont affect water pottental

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33
Q

glycogen - explation of how the structure elads to the function

A

branched strutcrure
increases syrfsce area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
insoluble - wont affect water pottental

34
Q

difference btween tryglycerides and phospholipids

A

tri - one glycerol, three faty acids
phos - one phosphate group, one glucerol, 2 fatty acids

35
Q

triglycerides are formed via…

A

condensation reatoins between one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

36
Q

saturasted fatty acids defnetion!

A

the hydrocarbon chain has only single bonds between carbons

37
Q

what are unsaturatd fatty acids

A

the hyrdocarbon chain consists of at least one double bond between carbons

38
Q

4 properties of tryglycerides

A
  1. energy storage due to the large ration of energy stroing carbon - hydrogen bonds
    2.metabolic water scource due to the high rstion of hydrogen to oxygen atoms they can release water if they are oxidised
  2. do not affect water pottenaionts and osmosis this is becuase they are large and hydrphopbic making them insoluble in water
  3. low mass so gthey can be stored withought icnreasing the mass and rpeventing movement
39
Q

how are phospholipids made

A

two fatty acids bond to the glycerol via two condensation reaslionts reuslting in two ester bonds

40
Q

propetries of phospholipids

A

hydrohiplic head due to negative charge on the phosphate group
attratcs water and repels fats as it is charged
the fatty acid chain is not charged
this is the hydrophilic tail and it reples water but will mix with fats

41
Q

phospholipid bylayers have:

A

two charged regions to they are polar
in water they are positoined so that thew heads are exposed to water and the tails are not
this forms a phospholipid bylayer mebrene structruew wich makes upo the plasma membrene around the cells

42
Q

what is the primaryt protien strcture?

A

this is the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain this is a polymer

43
Q

what is the secondary priten streucture?

A

the sewince of amino acids causes parts of the protien molecule to bend into a alpha helix of fold into beta pleated sheets
hydrogen bonds hold together the secondary stuercture

44
Q

what is the teritary strucrure

A

the further folding of the secondary structure
this forms a unique 3d shape
held in place by hydrogen ionic and disulphide bonds

45
Q

what is the quaternary priten structure?

A

a priten made up of more than one polypeptide chains

46
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a tetiary stricture priten wich lowes the reatoin energy of the readcion they catalise

47
Q

why do enzymes need to compeltemtry to the subcustrate

A

enzymes can only attatch to substrated that are compelemtry in shape

48
Q

outline the induced fit enzyme model.

A

enzyme active site is induced or slight changed shape to mould around the substrate
when the enzume substrate compex occues due to the emzyme moukding around the substrate it outs strain on the bonds and therefore lowers the actication energy

49
Q

outline how temepreatre affects enzyme activity.

A

if temp is to low there is not enough kenetic energy for subcesfulk clisions between the enzyme and the substrate
if the tempeartre is to high enzyme denatures the active site changes shape and the enume substrate compexes can not from

50
Q

how does ph affect enzyme acriivty

A

to high or to low will interfere with the charges in the amino acids in the active site
this can break bonds ghodling the teritary structire in place
therefore the active site changes shape
therefore the enzyme denatures and fewer enzyme compexed form
different enzymes have a different optimum ph

51
Q

hows does subsutrate and enzyme concentratoin affect enzyme axtivity

A

if there is insufficient substrate then the reaction will be slower ass there sre fewer colisionns between the enzyme and usbstrate
if there is insufficient enzymes then the enzyme active site will become saturaed with substrate and ubnable to work any faster

52
Q

what are competitive inhibitators

A

same shape as the substrate
bind to the active site
prevents enzyme substrate compexes
if you add kmroe sustrate however it will flood our out compete the inhibitator knowing them out of the active site

53
Q

what are non cpmeteitve inhibtatoris

A

bind to the allosteric site
causes the active site to change shape
no enzyme sustrate compexes
the sustrate can no longer bind regardless how much sustrate is added

54
Q

test for starch

A

add iodine
solution turns from orange from blue to black

55
Q

test for reducing sugars

A

add benendicts reagent and heat
solutoin turns from blue to green yellow organge or brick red

56
Q

test for non reducing sugars

A

add acid ansd boil
let cool then add alkali to neutralise
add beneidcts reagent and heat
blue to orange or brick red

the more red the higher the conc of reducing sugar

always orange or brick red if it was a non reducing sugar it was prbs sucrose wich is made up of glouce and fructos so whern hydrolised it goes to two sugars instead of one, we have now doubled the con of sygar present

57
Q

test for protiens

A

biuret
blue to purple

58
Q

test for lipids

A

disolve the sample in ethanol
then add distilled water
white emulsion will form

59
Q

what is a neucleotide made up of?

A
  • a deoxyribose sugar ( a pentose sugar )
  • a nitregonous base
  • one phosphate group
60
Q

the 4 nitrogenous bases

A

gunine cytosine adeneine and thrumine

61
Q

what is a polyneucleotide

A

a polymer of neucleotides

62
Q

what are polyneucleotides created by

A

a condensatoin reatoin between deozyribose suage and the phosphate group greating a phosphodiester bond

63
Q

hydrogen bonds ( in dna ) can only form between…

A

completentry base pairs

64
Q

what is rna

A

a plymer of a neucloride formed of ribose a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

65
Q

what are the bases in rna

A

adenine guanine cytosine and uracil

66
Q

outline rna streucture

A

relivitely short polyneucleotide
single stranded

67
Q

what is the function of rna

A

to trnafer the genetic code from dna in the neucleus to the ribosmoes, some rna is also combined with pritien to make riboslmes

68
Q

steps to semi conservative replicatoin:

A
  1. dna helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds bectween compeltery base pairs between two strands within a double helix this causes the dna double helix to unwind
  2. each of the sepeated parental dna strands acts as a template, free floating dna neucleotides within the neucleus are attracted to thier compatry pairs on the template strands of the parental dna
  3. the adjacent neucleotides are joined togetehr ( fomring a phosphodiester bond ) by a condensation reactoin, dna plymeraise catalises the joining together of adjacent neucleotides
  4. the two sets of daughter sna ( name given to the new dna molecules ) contain one strand of the oarental dna and one newly synthesised strand
69
Q

what is parental dna

A

name given to the origan dna that is going to be coppied

70
Q

evidence for semi conservative replicatoin - watson and crick

A

discovered the structrtue of sna in 1953
helped by rosaline frankins research on x ray defractoin

71
Q

evidence for semi conservative replicatoin - meselson and stahl

A

conducted an experement wich proved dna replicatoin must be semi conservative

72
Q

what is atp?

A

a neucler deriviative, an imediate sscouirce of energy for metabolic processes
metabolic reacionns in cells must have a consistant steady suply of atp

73
Q

atp is made during respiration from…

A

adp and pi by a condensation reaction using the enzyme atp synthase

74
Q

atp can by hydrolised into …

A

adp and pi using atp hydroliase, this relasess small amounts of energy

75
Q

atp can also transfer energy to other compunds…

A

the inorganic phosphate relased during the hydrolisis of atp can be bonded onto different compunds to make thewm mroe reatice this is called phosphorilation

76
Q

5 key properties of water

A

it is a metabolite ( e.g in condensatoin or hydrolysis reacions )
an imprtant solvent in reactions
has a high heat capacity - buffers temp
large latent heat of evaporation - provides a cooling effect witht he loss of water through evaporation
stong cohesion between water molecules - supports water colums and privde surface tension

77
Q

what are inogranic ions

A

ocur in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of orgnaisms some in high concs and some in very low conc

78
Q

hydrogen ions:

A

loer ph of solutions of ions and impact enzyme and haemoglobin fucntion

79
Q

iron ions

A

comonent of haemoglobin and in the transport of oxygen

80
Q

sodium ions

A

involved in the co tranpsort of glucose and amino acids in absorbtion

81
Q

phosphate ions

A

a compnent of dna ( forms phosphodiester bonds with deoxyribose ) and atp ( makes adp more reactive )

biology (5 decks)

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