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biology > topic 3 - organisms exchange substances with their environment > Flashcards

topic 3 - organisms exchange substances with their environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

small organisms have a _ surface area to volume ration

A

very large
big surface for ecashnge of substances
so small orgnsisms can simpy exchange susbstances across their surface

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2
Q

larger organisms have a _ surface to volume ratio

A

small
much large distasnce from the middle to the outisde
typically have a bigger metabolic rate

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3
Q

what is beasthing

A

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

what is ventilation

A

scientific term for breathing

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5
Q

what is respiration

A

chemical reaction to relase energy in the form of atp

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6
Q

what is gasseous exchange

A

diffusion of oxygen from the air in the alveoli into the blood and of carbon diozide from the bllod into the air in the alveoli

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7
Q

ventilation involves…

A

diaphram
antaganositc interaction betwen the extenral and internal intercostal muscles

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8
Q

inspirartion process:

A

extenrla intercostal muscles - contract pulling ribs up and out
internasl intercostal muscles - relax
diaphram - contracts to move down and flasttens
air pressure in lungs - instranly drops as air moves in it rises above atmpshperic pressure
lung volume - increases
mocement of air - into lungs

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9
Q

expiration process

A

extenral intercorstasl mucles - relax
internal - contract pulling ribds down and in
diaphram - relaxes and mvoed up into a dome shape
air pressure in lungs - intnially grater than atmpspheric pressure drops as air moves out
lung volume decreases
air mvoes out

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10
Q

what is pulmanory ventilation

A

the total voume of air moved into the lings in one minute

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11
Q

how do we calculate pulmiary ventilation

A

tidal volume x ventiatoin rate

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12
Q

adaptations of alveoli

A

300 million tiny air sacs in each lungs - large surface area for gas exchange
epithelium cells very thin - minimise diffusion distance
neotwork of capilaries surrounding each alveolus - maintain conc gradient

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13
Q

what are spiracles

A

round valve like openings along the length of the abdomem

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14
Q

trachea what is

A

network of internal tubes, the teache tubes have rings within them to strengthen tubes and keep them open

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15
Q

tracholes what are

A

teachea branch into them
they extend throught all tissues in the insect to deliver oxygen to all resporing cells

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16
Q

adaptations for efficient diffusion - insects

A
  • large numebr of fine tracheoles - large surface area
  • walls of teaches anre thin and short distnce between spiracles and tracheoles - short diffusion pathway
    use of oxygen and producion of co2 - steep difusion gradients
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17
Q

3 methods of moving gasses in the teacheal system:

A

diffusion - when cells repisre they use up oxygen and produce co2 creating conc graident from tracheoles to the atmosphere
mass transport - contracts and relaxes abdominal muscles to move gasses on mass
repire anaerobially - produce lactate, this lowers the water potential of the cvells and water moves from the teacheoles into the cells by osmosis, this decreases the volume of air int he teacheoles and more air from the atmpsphere is drawn in

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17
Q

3 insect adaptations to prevent water loss

A
  1. small surfave area to volume ration where water can evaporate from
  2. waterproff expsceleton
  3. spiracles, gasses enter and water can evaporate from, can open and close to reduce water loss
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17
Q

fish - 3 adaptions for efficient gas exvhanfe

A

large surface to volume ration - created by many gill filaments covered in many gil lameli
short diffusion pathway - capilary network in every lameli and very thin gil lameli
maintaining conc graidet - counter current flow mechanism

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18
Q

why do fish have to maintan a conc gradient to enable diffusion to occur?

A

30x less oxygen in the water than air

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19
Q

how can the rate of diffusion be calculated?

A

ficks law
( surface area x difference in concentration ) / length of difusion path

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19
Q

how does the counter current flow mechanism work?

A

water flows over gills in opisite direction to direction of blood flow in the capilaries
this ensures equilibrium is not reached
emsures the difusion gradient is maintrianed across the entire length of the gil lameli

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20
Q

what are xerophytic plants

A

thes epaknts are addapted to survive in pantsa with limited water suply

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21
Q

5 adaptations of xerophytes

A

trap moisture and mainstain local humidity:
- curled leaves
- hairs
- sunken stomata

reduce evaporation
- thicker cuticle

longer root netwrok to reach more water

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22
Q

carbohydrates rewuire mroe than one enzyme to hydrolise them into monosacherides:

A

amalayse
membrene bound disacheridases

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23
Q

amalayse
produced in?
hydrolises?

A

salivary glands
hydrolisies into the disacheride maltose by hydrolising the glycosidic bonds

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24
Q

examples of membrene bound disacheridases and what do they break down?

A

sucrase and lactase - examples
into lactose and sucrose

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25
Q

protiens can by hydrolised by three enzymes:

A
  1. endopeptidases - hydrolise peptide bonds betwene amino acids in the midle of the plypeptide chain
  2. exopeptidases - hydrolise peptide bonds between amino acids at the end of the polypeptide chain
  3. membrene bound dipeptidases - hydrolise peptide bonds between two amino acids
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26
Q

digesting lipids inviolves two stages:

A

physical and chemical

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27
Q

outline physical stage of lipid digestion

A

lipids are coated in bile salts to creat an emulsion
many small droplets of lipids provide a large surface area to enable faster hydrolysis by lipase

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28
Q

outline chemical stage of lipid digestion

A

lipase hydrolises lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

outline lipid absorbtion

A

lipids are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acdis by the action of bile salts and lipase
these form tiny struictures called micelles
when micelles encounter the ileum epithelial cells due to the non polar nature of fatty acids and monoglycerides they can simply difuse acrosss the cell surface membrene to enter the cells of the epithelial cells
once in the cell these will be modified back into tryglycerides inside of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body

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30
Q

monosacheride and amino acid absorbtion

A

to absorb glucose and amino acids from the lumen to the gut there must be a higher conc in the lumen compred to the epithelial. cell ( for facilitiated diffusion )
but
there is usually mroe in the epithelial cells this is why active and co transport are required

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31
Q

hameoglibin what is it

A

groupsof protiens found in different organisms
protien with a quatenrary structure hameologin and red blood cells traposrt oxygen

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32
Q

oxygen is loaded in a region with…

A

a high aprtial pressure of oxygen

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33
Q

oxygen is unloaded in …

A

regiions of low partial pressure of oxygen

34
Q

explain the cooperative nature of oxugen binding …

A

hameglobin change shsape when the first oxyugen binds this makes it easeir for further oxygens to bind

35
Q

what is the bhor effect?

A

when high csrbon dioxide concentraoin causes oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to the right
the affinity for oxygen decresses becuase the acidic co2 changed the shape of the hameoglobin slightly

36
Q

lower pareial rpessure of co2 in the alvoli causes shifts to the…

A

left, increased afinity therefore uploads more oxygen

37
Q

high partial pressiure of co2 ar respoirng tissues causes shifts to the…

A

right decreased affninty and therefore unloads more oxygen

38
Q

birds have a faster metabolism so…

A

need more oxugen for respoiration to provide enregy for contraticng muscles

39
Q

what is a double closed circulatory system?

A

closed - the blood remians within the blood vesles
double - the blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit
there is one circut delivering blood to the lungs and anohter one delviering blood to the rest of the body

40
Q

why do mamels reuure a double circulatory system to mamge the pressure of blood flow?

A

blood flows thorugh lungs at a lwoer pressure this prevents danage to the capilaires in the alveoli alsp reducing the speed at wich blood flows enableing time for gas exchange
oxugenated blood pumped at a hgiher pressure t the rwest of the body, ensuring the blood reaches all the repsoring cells in the body

41
Q

caridac muscle two unieuqe properties:

A

myogenic - can contract and relax withought producing a nervous or hormoal reponse
will never fatuge. ( as long as it has a suply of o2 )

42
Q

propterties of the atria

A

thin muscular walls
do not need to contract as hard as not pumping blood far ( only to ventricles )
elastic walls to stretch as the blood enters

43
Q

properties of the ventircles

A

thicker muslular walls to enable bigger contraction
creats a higher blood pressure to enable blood to flow longer distances ( to the lungs and the rest of the body )

44
Q
A
44
Q

right ventricle structure

A

pumpls blood to lungs at a lower rpessure to prevent danage to the capilaires in the lungs - and so blood flows slowly allowing time for gas exchange
thinner muscluar walls in the left ventricle

45
Q

left ventricle structure

A

pumps blood to the body this needs to be at a higher pressure to ensure blood reaches all the cells in the body
therefore thikcer musluar walls in coparison to the right ventricle to enable larger contration in muscles to creat higher pressure

46
Q

semi lunar valves in…

A

aorta and pulmanory artery

47
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

between atria and ventricles

48
Q

how do valves work?

A

open when the pressure is higher behind the valve
closes when the pressure is higher in front of the valve
prevents backflow of blood

49
Q

what is the job of the septum in the heart

A

this sepeared oxygenated and deoxugenated blood
maintains high concentratoin of oxygen in ozygenated blood to mainstain concentration gradient to enable diffusion at resporing cells

50
Q

artieries…

A

cary blood away from the heart into the atrioles

51
Q

atrioles…

A

smaller than the arteries and connect to the capilairies

52
Q

capiliairs…

A

connect arterioles to the veins

53
Q

veins…

A

cary blood back into the heart

54
Q

ateries - muscular layer

A

thicker than viens so that consitriction anfd dialation can occur to controll volume of blood

55
Q

veins - muscular lauyer

A

reliitvely thin so it can not controll the blood flow

56
Q

ateries - elastic layer

A

thickeer than viens to help maintain blood pressure the walls cans tretch and recoil in reponse to heart beat

57
Q

veins - elastic layer

A

relitively thin as rpessure is much lower

58
Q

arteries - wall thickness

A

thicker than viens to prevent vesels bursting due to the high pressure

59
Q

wall thickness - viens

A

thin as pressure is much lower

60
Q

capilaires have a narrow…

A

diametre to slow blood flow, red blood cells can jsut fit through and are squashed against the walls so this maximises diffusion

61
Q

arterioles - muscilar layer

A

thicker than in arteries to help restirct blood flow into the capilaiires

62
Q

arterioles - elastic layuer

A

thinnker than in the arteries as the pressure is lower

63
Q

arterioles - wall thickness

A

thinner as pressure is slightly lower

64
Q

3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole
atrial systole
ventricular systole

65
Q

outline 1st stage if the cardiac cycle - diastole

A

the atria and ventricular muslces are relaxed
this is when blood will enter the atria via the vena caval and pulmonory vien
the blood flowing into the atria increases the pressure within the atria

66
Q

outline second stage of the cariad cycle - atrial systole

A

atrial muscle will contract increasing the pressure further
this causes the atrioventriular valurs to open and blood to flow to the ventricles

67
Q

outline 3rd stage of the cariad cycle - ventricular systole

A

after short delay the ventricle muscluar walls contract icnreasing hte pressure btone that of the atria
this causes the atrioventricular values to close and the semi lunar valeus to open
the blood is then oushed out of the ventricles into the arteries

68
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood wich leaves one ventricle in one miute

69
Q

how do we calculate cariad output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

70
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

fluid containing
water
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
ion
ozygen
it bathes the tissues

71
Q

how is tissue fluid formed?

A

capilaires have smapp gaps in the walls so liquid and small molecules can be forced out
as blood enters the capilaires from the arterioles the smaller diametre reults in a high hydrostatic presusre so water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids ions and oxygen are forced out
this is known as ultrafiltration

72
Q

tissue fluid ( what is forced out )

A

water
disolved minerals and salt
glucose
small protiens and amino acids
fatty acids
oxygen

73
Q

tissue fluid ( what remains in the capilary )

A

red blood cells, platelets large pritiens

74
Q

how is tissue fluid reabsobed?

A

large molecules remain in the capilaires and creat a lowered water pottential
towards the venule end of the capailaires the hydrostatic pressure is lowered due to the loss of liwueid but the water pottential is very low
water re enters the capilaiired by osmosos

75
Q

what is lymph

A

the rest of the tissue fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic systen and eventurlaly drains back into the blood stream into the heart

76
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of watee vapour from the stomata by evaporatoin

77
Q

light - factor affecting transpration

A

more light causes more stomata to be open - larger surface area for evaporation

78
Q

temperature - factor effecting transpiration

A

positive corelation
more heat means mrpoe keentic energy fasster moving molecules results in mroe evaporation

79
Q

humidity - fsctor affecting transpratrion

A

negstvie correlation
mroe water vapour in air will make the water pottentisl more positive outisde the lead therefore reduces the water potential gradient

80
Q

wind - factor affecting transpiration

A

positive
more wind blow away the humid air contianing water vapour
therefore maintaining the water pottential gradient

81
Q

why does cohesion work?

A

water is a dipolar molecule ( sligntly negative oxygen and skight positive hydrogens )
this enables hydrogen bonds to form between the hydrogen and oxygen of different water molecules
this creats cohesion between molecules and they stick together thierefore water travels up the xylem as a continuous water column

82
Q

what is capilarity

A

the adhesion of water when water sticks to other moelcules
water adheards to the xylem cells
the narower the xylem the bigger the impact of the capilarity

83
Q

explain root pressure

A

warter moves into the roots by osmossi
increases the volume of liquid indie the root
therefore the pressure inside the root increases
this icrease i pressure i the roots forces water above it upwards

84
Q

outline movement of water up the xylem

A

water evaporates out of the stomata on leaves this loss of water volume creats a lower pressure
when water is lsot by transpiration more water is pukled up the xymlem to replace it
due to the hydrogen bonds between water molecules they are cohesive this creats a continuous column of water in the xylem
warer molecyles ahead to the walls of the xylem
this helps to pull the water column upwards

85
Q

phloem tissue contains two key cells:

A

sieve tube elemnts
companion cells

biology (5 decks)

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