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Biology > topic 7 exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

topic 7 exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

1
Q

why multicellular organisms cannot diffuse substances directly across the cell membrane

A

-cells are not in direct contact with the external environment
-diffusion distances between the cells and their environment are large
-larger organisms have higher metabolic rates

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2
Q

features exchange surfaces have to help increase the rate of diffusion

A

-large surface area
-thin walls
-extensive blood supply
-being surrounded by semipermeable plasma mebranes

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3
Q

where does gas exchange in humans take place

A

The alveoli in the lungs

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4
Q

why is the site of gas exchange inside the body?

A

Air is not dense enough to support and protect the delicate structures
The body would otherwise lose water and dry out

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5
Q

pathway of air as it passes through the respiratory system in human

A

mouth or nose, if nose air passes to the nasal cavity. hairs trap pathogens. Nasal cavity also warms and moist air before it enters the lungs.
Air enters the trachea
Air travels into the two bronchi
Air travels into small bronchioles
Air travels into clusters of air called alveoli

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6
Q

What cells do ciliated epithelium tissues contain?

A

Mainly goblet cells and ciliated epithelial cells

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7
Q

goblet cells

A

these produce and secrete mucus that traps dust and microbes

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8
Q

cilia on epithelial cells

A

these waft mucus upward to the mucus so it can be swallowed

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9
Q

trachea

A

large tube that carries air from the throat down to the lungs

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10
Q

trachea adaptations

A

-contain cartilage which prevents trachea from collapsing
-lines w ciliated epithelial and goblet cells so dust and pathogens are digested by stomach enzymes
-cartilage forms c shape so absence of it near the oesophagus lets food pass easily
- rings of cartilage keep the airway open
-smooth muscle contract or relax to constrict or dialate the airway and change airflow
-elastic tissue allowing stretching and recoiling

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11
Q

bronchi

A

two main branches extending from the trachea that carry air into each lung

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12
Q

bronchi adaptations

A

-reinforced with cartilage to keep the airway open
-smooth muscle can contract or relax to constrict or dilate the air way and change airflow
-elastic tissue allows streching and recoiling
-lined w epithelial cells and goblet cells

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13
Q

when smooth muscle relaxes what happens to the bronchioles

A

they widen allowing more air to pass into the deeper parts of the lungs

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14
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller airways branching from the bronchi that carry air to the alveoli

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15
Q

bronchioles adaptations

A

-no catilidge so can change shape
-smooth muscle so can contract or relax to constrict or dialate the airway and change airflow
-elastic tissue allows streching and recoiling
-simple squamous epithelium - thin layer minimises diffusion distance
-only larger broncjioles have ciliated epithelium

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16
Q

alveloi

A

tiny air sacs clustered at the end of the bronchioles surrounded by a network of capillaries so gases can be exchanged

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17
Q

how oxygen diffuses out of alveoli

A

-oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inside of the alveolar wall. then diffuses into the pulmonary artery where it binds to haemogoblin in red blood cells

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18
Q

how carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli

A

carbon dioxide dissociates from haemogoblin and diffuses from the blood into the alveoli

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19
Q

adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange

A

-wall consists of one layer of sqaumous epithelial cells
-large surface area
-partially permeable
-surrounded by dense network of capillaries
-ventilation of air
-elastic fibres
-collagen fibres
-moist inner surface

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20
Q

pulmonary blood vessles

A

blood vessles involved in circulation of the lungs

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21
Q

pulmonary artery

A

delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to pulmonary capillaries

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22
Q

pulmonary vein

A

delivers oxygenated blood from capillaries to heart

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23
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

site of gas exchange between blood and alveoli

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24
Q

adaptaions of pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange

A

-thin walls , one endothelial cell thick
-red blood cells pressed against capillary walls
-large surface area
-movement of blood
-slow movement of blood

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25
site of gas exchange in humans
alveoli in the lungs
26
ventilation
constant movement of air into and out of the lungs
27
inspiration
breathing in
28
expiration
breathing out
29
ribcage
made up of bones called ribs that enclose the thorax
30
thorax
the cavity where the lungs are located (thoracic cavity)
31
3 sets of muscles that act on the ribcage
-diaphragm -the external intercostal muscles -the internal intercostal muscles
32
diaphragm
sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
33
external intercostal muscles
found between the ribs
34
internal intercostal muscles
found between the ribs
35
what type of breathing is the internal intercostal muscles involved in
stronger breathing
36
what type of breathing is the external intercostal muscles involved in
normal breathing
37
during inspiration
-external intercostal muscles shorten pulling the ribs up and outwards -volume of thoracic cavity increases -diaphragm contracts so flattens increasing the voume -pressure is reduced so air id drawn into the lungs -air moves into alveoli and elastic fibres stretch -air flows into lungs down the pressure gradient
38
during expiration
-external intercostal muscles relax and return to their orignial length. ribcage moves down and in -volume of thoracic cavity decreases -diaphragm relaxes returning to its usual domed shape decreasing the volume -air pressure in the lungs is greater than the atmosphere so air is pushed out -elastic fibres in the alveoli recoil helping to push the air out by increasing the pulmonary pressure
39
is normal regular expiration a passive or active process
passive
40
what happens when we exhale strongly
-intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs down and inward forcing air out of the lungs
41
external intercostal muscles relax while the internal intercostal muscle contract so their relationship is decribed as
antagonistic
42
peak flow meter
measures maximum speed of expiration through a mouthpiece by tracking the movement of an indicator
43
vitalograph
records a graph showing the volume and rate of forced expiration through a mouthpiece
44
spirometer
calculates different lung volumes using a chamber contaning a known volume of gas connected to a mouthpiece and recorder
45
measures to take to avoid potential dangers when using a spirometer
-wear a nose clip so only breathe thru the mouth -fresh sterilised mouthpiece to avoid passing on infections -constantly rebreathing the same air so contain soda lime which absorbs carbon dioxide
46
breathing rate
number of breaths taken per minuite measured by counting the number of peaks in a min
47
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out in a average breath during rest measured from the height of each peak at rest
48
vital capacity
the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in one deep breath measured from the maximum peak height
49
inspiratory reserve volume
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above a normal inhalation
50
expiratory reserve volume
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled above normal exhalation
51
residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after the largest possible exhalation
52
total lung capacity
the vital capacity added to the residual volume
53
why does the spirometer trace slope downwards
carbon dioxide breathed out is absorbed by soda lime
54
oxygen consumption
volume of oxygen used per min
55
how is oxygen consumption shown on the spirometer trace
By the slope of the spirometer trace
56
Ventilation rate
volume of oxygen inhaled per min
57
how is ventilation rate measured?
tidal volume (dm3) x breathing rate (min)
58
two conflicting needs insect gas exchange systems have
-maximising gas exchange efficiency -minimising water loss
59
spiracles (instects)
external openings of the tracheal system on the exoskeleton along the abdomen and thorax so gases can diffuse into the body
60
trachea (insects)
air filled tubes branching through out the body w relatively wide tubes
61
tracheoles (insects)
fine branches of trachea that deliver gases to cells. each tracheole is a single cell that has extended to form a hollow tube
62
trachea adaptations (inscets)
-reinforced w spirals of chitin to prevent collapsing -multiple to increase sa
63
tracheoles adaptations (inscets)
-penetrate directly into tissues -thin walls -highly branched -not reinforced w chitin allowing gas exchange -fluid (tracheal fluid) at ends allowing oxygen to dissolve and diffuse and reduces water loss -lots for sa
64
spiracles adaptations (inscets)
-open and close- each spiracle surrounded by muscular sphincter so trachial fluid doesnt diffuse out
65
concentration gradient between tissues and air in the tracheal system is maintained by (insects)
-cells use up oxygen for respiration -cells produce co2 -ventilation
66
what happens during anarobic respiration (insects)
lactic acid is produced which lowers the water potential of the cells causing the tracheal fluid to move into the cells via osmosis so more sa is available for gas exchange in tracheoles
67
tracheoles adaptations (insects)
-penetrate directly into tissues -thin walls -not reinforced w chitin so gas exchange can occur -fluid at the end (trachial fluid) allowing oxygen to dissolve for diffusion and reduces water loss - lots of them
68
additional ventilation mechanisms some insects use
-mass transport -air sacs -more spiracles open -mechanical active ventilation -movement of tracheal fluid into tissues -enlarged collapsible trachea, accesory sacs and air reservoirs -movement of wing muscles connected to sacs -vibratio
69
what is mass transport in terms of ventilation in insects
when muscles contract to change the volume of the thorax creating pressure changes in the trachea and tracheoles pushing in and out
70
what are air sacs in terms of ventilation in insects
expanded sections in trachea which squeeze to move air into the tracheoles when the thorax and abodomen change in volume
71
what is mechanical active ventilation in terms of ventilation in insects
when muscles around the trachea contract and relax changing the volume and pressure in the abdomen and squeezing the trachea to pump air in and out the spiracles
72
what are bony fish
fish which have evolved a skeleton made of bone
73
why cant bony fish use simple diffusion
-high oxygen needs -covered w scaly skin preventing gas exchange -low sa
74
challenges of extracting oxygen from water
-water is denser and more viscous resulting in slower diffusion of oxygen -water has lower concentration of oxygen than air -very active so high oxygen demands
75
gills are covered by an
operculum flap
76
inside the opercular cavity are the
gills
77
gills consist of
several bony arches and extending from each gill arch are a number of gill filaments
78
gill filaments are covered with
numerous gill lamella (gill plates)
79
gill lamellae are surrounded by
extensive blood vessles
80
where does gas exchange take place in bony fish
the gill lamella
81
adaptations of the gills for gas exchange
-lamella provide a large surface area -lamella membranes are thin -gills has rich blood supply -countercurrent flow of blood and water -overlapping fialament tips increase resistance slowing water flow over gills and allowing more time for gas exchange
82
countercurrent flow
-blood and water flow over the lamella in opposite directions meaning oxygen rich blood meets water at its most oxygen rich when it first moves across the gills. oxygen poor blood returning from the body tissues meets oxygen reduced water still allowing diffusion of oxygen into the blood -this maintains a steep conc gradient across the entire gill. -always a conc gradient and never reaches equilibrium
83
parrallel flow
-initially there is high rate of diffusion but after a short distance the conc of oxygen is the same in both the blood and the water so it reaches equilibrium and diffusion stops. so no more than 50% of the available oxygen in the water can diffuse into the blood
84
how does water flow through non bony fishs gills
by swimming
85
how does bony fish allow water to flow over their gills
open and close their mouths
86
how bony fish ventilate their gills by opening and closing their mouths
When the fish open their mouth they lower the floor of the buccal cavity. This causes the volume inside the buccal cavity to increase, which causes a decrease in pressure within the cavity The pressure is higher outside the mouth of the fish and so water flows into the buccal cavity The fish then raises the floor of the buccal cavity to close its mouth, increasing the pressure within the buccal cavity Water flows from the buccal cavity (high pressure) into the gill cavity (low pressure) As water enters pressure begins to build up in the gill cavity and causes the operculum (a flap of tissue covering the gills) to be forced open and water to exit the fish The operculum is pulled shut when the floor of the buccal cavity is lowered at the start of the next cycle

Biology (8 decks)

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