Topic 7: Carbohydrates

Question 1

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

provide body energy for physical activity
provide body with energy to maintain body function
provide dietary fibre/non-starch polysaccharides to help digestion
sweeten and flavour foods

Question 2

what are the functions of starch?

Answer 2

longe for sugars to digest
avoid overeating and obesity
feeling of fullness
add bulk to our diet

Question 3

what does a deficiency of carbohydrates cause?

Answer 3

cancer, CVD, CHD, diabetes and dental problems

Question 4

what is the function of fibre in the diet?

Answer 4

absorbs moisture
provides bulk
efficient removal of waste
helps to ‘push’ other foods

Question 5

what are sources of insoluble fibre?

Answer 5

Bran, peels of fruits and vegetables

Question 6

what is soluble fibre?

Answer 6

slows down digestion, absorption of carbohydrates, control sugar levels, satiety

Question 7

what are the benefits of soluble fibre?

Answer 7

reduce risk of heart disease, reduce blood cholesterol

Question 8

what are sources of soluble fibre?

Answer 8

Oats
peas
beans
carrots

Question 9

What is caramelization?

Answer 9

the oxidation of sugar, a process used extensively in cooking for the resulting nutty flavour and brown colour

Question 10

what type of reaction is caramelisation?

Answer 10

non-enzymatic browning reaction

Question 11

What is the Maillard reaction?

Answer 11

non-enzymatic browning
occurs between combo of amino group with a reducing sugar– baking bread, frying potatoes

Question 12

what is dextrinisation?

Answer 12

Browning which occurs through the application of dry heat which converts starches to dextrins which are brown in colour and have a unique flavour and aroma.

Question 13

What is pectin?

Answer 13

Complex carb are present in ripe fruits

Question 14

what is retrogradation?

Answer 14

Appears as leaking of fluid - bonds between amylose molecules continue to form after gel formation, forcing liquid out of gel

Question 15

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 15

simple sugars that absorb more quickly into the body, providing faster energy

Question 16

Where is sucrose found?

Answer 16

Plant stems (sugar cane)

Question 17

what does a deficiency of fibre cause?

Answer 17

constipation, diverticular disease

Question 18

what is insoluble fibre?

Answer 18

This type absorbs water and increases bulk to help the gut work properly, poop becomes soft

Question 19

what is gelatinisation?

Answer 19

thickening on heating and setting on cooking

Question 20

what are dextrins?

Answer 20

brown pigment responsible for brown colour. Reaction between surface sugars and proteins (Maillard Reaction)

Question 21

what are the two types of carbohydrates?

Answer 21

simple and complex

Question 22

what are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 22

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 23

where is glucose found?

Answer 23

fruits and vegetables

Question 24

Where is fructose found?

Answer 24

fruit and honey

Question 25

Where is galactose found?

Answer 25

milk sugar

Question 26

What are disaccharides?

Answer 26

double sugars that are made up of two monosaccharides

Question 27

what are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 27

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 28

Where is lactose found?

Answer 28

milk

Question 29

where is maltose found?

Answer 29

germinating seeds

Question 30

what are non-free sugars?

Answer 30

sugars that are part of a cell and are found naturally

Question 31

what are free sugars?

Answer 31

sugars that you can see

Question 32

what is the most common problem related to sucrose?

Answer 32

obesity, tooth decay and type 2 diabetes

Question 33

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 33

Carbohydrate macromolecules made of many sugar monomers

Question 34

what is fibre?

Answer 34

Non-digested cellulose of plant food.

Question 35

what are the two types of fibre?

Answer 35

soluble and insoluble

Question 36

What is the glycemic index?

Answer 36

how quickly sugar breaks down