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Biology > Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers sent in the blood, carried to parts of the body, but only affects particular cells in particular organs.

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2
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment.

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3
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

They arev produced in (and secreted by) various glands called endocrine glands, which make up your endocrine system.

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4
Q

The Pituitary gland

A

Found in the brain, produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. Sometimes called the “master gland” because the hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change.

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5
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Found in the neck, this produced thyroxine, which is involved in regulating thing like the* Rate of Metabolism, Heart rate and temperature*

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces oestrogren, which is involved in the menstrual cycle

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7
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Produces adrenaline, used to prepare the “fight or flight”

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8
Q

Testes

A

produces testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males

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9
Q

The pancreas

A

produces insulin, which is used to regulate blood glucose level.

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10
Q

Comparison of Neurones and Hormones

A

Neurones: ———————- Hormones:
Very Fast action——————-Slower action
Act for a very short time ——–Act for a long time
Act on a very precise area.——Act in a more general way

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11
Q

Will a quick response be Nervous or Hormonal?

A

Nervous
Some information needs to passed to effectors really quickly e.g. Pain or reflex. So Hormones would be too slow

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12
Q

Will a slow response be Nervous or Hormonal?

A

Hormonal
For example, a flight or fight response leaves you feeling a bit wobbly afterwards as the hormones leave a longer effect.

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13
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • Release by the Adrenal Glands
  • Prepares the body for “fight or flight” by activating processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells
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14
Q

How does Adrenaline increase Heart rate and blood pressure?

A
  • Binds to specific receptors in the heart - causing the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force - Heart rate and blood pressure increase
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15
Q

How does Adrenaline increase Respiration?

A

Once it increases blood flow to the muscles through binding receptors in the heart, The cells receive more oxygen ang glucose for increased respiration.

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16
Q

How does Adrenaline increase Blood glucose level?

A

It binds to receptors in the liver. This causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose. This increases blood glucose level, so there’s more glucose in the blood to be transported to cells

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17
Q

What can hormone release be affected by?

A

Negative feedback
When the body detects that the level of a substance has gone above or below the normal level, it triggers a response to bring the level back to normal again.

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18
Q

Thyroxine

A
  • Released by the thyroid gland, regulates metabolic rate
  • Negative feedback system keeps it at the right level
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19
Q

Definition for metabolic rate

A

Speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur

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20
Q

Negative feedback systme for thyroxine

A
  1. When blood thyroxine level is lower than normal, The hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH.
  2. TRH then stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH.
  3. TSH then stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine so the blood thyroxine level rises back to normal
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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A structure in the brain that triggers the release of horones in pituitary gland.

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22
Q

What does TRH stand for?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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23
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

24
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus (Womb) incase the egg is feritlised

25
Q

Stage 1 of the Menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation starts
The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released

26
Q

Stage 2 of the Menstrual cycle

A

The uterus lining is repaired
From day 4 to day 14, untill it becomes a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for an egg to implant there

27
Q

Stage 3 of the Menstrual cycle

A

An egg develops and is released
from the ovary (Ovulation) at day 14

28
Q

Stage 4 of the Menstrual cycle

A

The lining is then maintained for about 14 days, untill day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the cycle starts again

29
Q

What are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, Oestrogen, LH, Progesterone

30
Q

FSH role in the menstrual cycle

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
1. Released by the pituitary gland
2. Causes a follicle ( an egg and its surrounding cells ) to mature in one of the ovaries
3. Stimulates Oestrogen production

31
Q

Oestrogen role in the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Released by the ovaries
  2. causes lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
  3. A high level stimulates an LH surge
32
Q

LH role in the menstrual cycle

A

Lutienising hormone
1. released by the pituitary gland
2. LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14
3. Stimulates the remains of a follicle to develop into a corpus luteum - which secretes progesterone

33
Q

Progesterone role in the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Released by corupus luteum after ovulation
  2. Maintains lining of uterus
  3. Inhibits the release of FSH and LH
  4. When the level of prog falls, and there is a low Oestrogen level, the uterene lining breaks down
  5. A low progesterone allows FSH to increase, so the cycle starts again
34
Q

Clomifene Therapy for

A
  • For women who are infertile because they dont ovulate ( or regulary )
  • They can take a drug called Clomifene
35
Q

who is Clomifene Therapy method

A

Clomifene causes more FSH and LH to be released by the body, which stimulate egg maturation and ovulation. By knowing when the woman will be ovulating, the couple can have intercourse during this period to get the woman pregnant

36
Q

IVF

A
  • Collecting eggs form a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm, these are then grown into embryos
  • Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus lining to improve the change o pregnancy
  • FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate the production of eggs.
37
Q

What is IVF an example of?

A

ART - Assisted Reproductive technology
A fertility treatment that involves eggs being handled (and usually fertilised) outside of the body

38
Q

How do kidneys help in homeostasis?

A
  • Water content of blood cells needs to be controlled to help cells function normally
  • Kidneys help to regulate water content by controlling how much water is re-absorbed and how much is lost in urine
39
Q

What happens if water blood concentration is too HIGH?

A

Water will move into body cells by osmosis. Too much water may cause the cells to burst

40
Q

What happens if water blood concentration is too LOW?

A

Water will move out of the cells by osmosis causing the cells to shrink

41
Q

What are the 3 main roles of the kidney?

A
  • Removal of urea in the blood.
  • Adjustment of ion levels in the blood
  • Ajustment of water content in the blood
42
Q

Where is urea produced?

A

in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids

43
Q

How does the kidney remove urea and adjust ion and water conc levels?

A

Filtering stuff out of the blood under high pressure, then re-absorbing the useful things. Produces urine

44
Q

What are the filtration units in the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

45
Q

What happens in a nephron?

A
  • The liquid part of the blood is forced out of the glomerus and into the bowmans capsule at high capsule ( Ultrafiltration)
  • As liquid flows along nephron useful substances are re-absorbed
46
Q

What does the liquid part of blood consist of?

A

water, urea, ions, glucose

47
Q

How does Ultra filtration in the kidneys work?

A

The liquid part of the blood is forced out of the glomerus and into the bowmans capsule at high capsule. Bigger molecules (e.g.protiens) and blood cells cant pass through the membranes and are not forced out.

48
Q

What useful substances are re-absorbed in the kidneys ?

A
  • All glucose is selectively re-absorbed through active transport
  • Sufficient ions are absorbed
  • Sufficient water is absorbed according to the level of (hormone) ADH
49
Q

What happens to the hormones what arent re-absorbed in the kidneys?

A

(e.g. urea, exxess water and ions) continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct. It then passes into the ureter and down the bladder as urine. Urine is released through the urethra

50
Q

What system is water content controlled by (Via kidneys)

A

A negative feedback system

51
Q

What hormone controlls the amount of water re-absored? How does this work?

A

ADH - Anti-Diuretic hormone
The brain monitors the water conent of the blood and instructs the pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood according to how much it needs, stopping the body from becoming de-hydrated

Water gain = pituitary gland releases less ADH

52
Q

What is a dialysis machine used for?

A

Patients with kidney failure cant filter their blood properly - the dialysis machine filters their blood for them
this has to be done regularly to keep dissolved substances at the right conc and to remove waste

53
Q

What is special about dialysis fluid?

A

it has the same conc of salts and glucosr as blood plasma which means those arent filtered out of the blood

54
Q

In dialysis machines what is the purpose of the selectively permeable barrier?

A

It is permeable to things like ions and waste substances, but not big molecules like protiens ( just like the membranes in kidneys). So the waste, plus exess ions and water from the blood move across the membrane into dialysis fluid. Cells and protiens stay in the blood

55
Q

What is the only cure for kidney disease?

A

Kidney transplants - these can however be rejected by the patients immune system - like a foreign body attacked by antibodies

56
Q

What precautions are taken before kidney transplants?

A
  • A donor witha tissue type that closely matches the patient is chosen
  • A patient is given immuno-suppresants, so it wont attack the kidney

Biology (9 decks)

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