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Biology > Topic 1 - Key concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key concepts in Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts, they speed up reactions in living organisms
Large, complex, protien molecules

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2
Q

Catylysts

A

a substance that speeds up chemical reactions

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of enzymes?

A

Ones that break down large molecules ( polymers) and ones that synthesize new substances (needed by body) from smaller molecules

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4
Q

Polymers

A

A Chain of large repeating units called monomers

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of food molecules? (nutrients)

A

Protien
Lipids (fats)
Carbohydrated (sugars)

these are all polymers

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6
Q

What do digestive enzymes do in humans, why ?

A

They turn the large molecules in our food into the smaller subunits they are made of. This then makes the molecules small enough to be absorbed by the small intestine

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7
Q

What are the molecules absorbed by the small intestine used for?

A

they now can be used to build the larger molecules that are needed in the cells and tissues

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8
Q

What is synthesis?

A

Building larger molecules from sub units

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9
Q

W

What are monomers?

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

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10
Q

What does protien break down into/ what are its monomers?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What does starch break down into/ what are its monomers?

A

Glucose molecules

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12
Q

What does Lipids break down into/ what are its monomers?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

Why do we need enzymes?

A

They speed up digestion and sythesis in the body, which would otherwise happen very slowly or not at all

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14
Q

Where is Amylase found?

A

saliva and small intestine

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15
Q

What does amylase catylise?

A

Breaks down starch into small sugars

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16
Q

Where is catylase found?

A

most cells, especially liver cells

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17
Q

What does catylase catylise?

A

breaking down hydrogen peroxide made in many cell reactions into water and oxygen

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18
Q

where is starch synthase found?

A

Plants

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19
Q

Hwat reaction does starch synthase catalise?

A

synthessis of starch from glucose

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20
Q

Where is DNA polymerase found?

A

nucleus

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21
Q

what reaction does DNA polymerase calalise?

A

synthesis of DNA from its polymers

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22
Q

How do we mesure the amount of energy in food?

A

A Calorimeter

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23
Q

What is the active site ?

A

where the substrate of the enzyme fits at the start of a reaction

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24
Q

Biological catalysts

A

they speed up reactions in living organisms

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25
Q

How do you detect starch?

A

An iodine test, drop iodine onto the food.

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26
Q

What color does Iodine turn if it detects starch?

A

Deep purple / navy

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27
Q

What do you use to detect reducing sugars?

A

Benedicts solution

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28
Q

How do you test for sugars with benedicts solution?

A

Add an equal amount of benedicts solution to the food soution and place in a hot water bath for a few minutes.

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29
Q

What colors does benedicts solution turn when it detects reducing sugars?

A

Green = little sugars
orange = more sugars
Red= lots of sugars

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30
Q

What do you use to detect protein?

A

Biuret test

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31
Q

How do you use the biuret test to detect protien?

A

Mix potassium hydroxide with a food solution. then add two drops of copper sulfate.

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32
Q

What color does the biuret test turn when it detects protien?

A

Purple

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33
Q

what do you use to detect lipids?

A

The ethanol emulsion test

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34
Q

How do you do an ethanol emulsion test?

A

Food is mixed with the ethanol and is shaken. soem fo that mixture is then poured itno water and shaken. if it emulsifies there are lipids.

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35
Q

Chemical reagants

A

substances with specific properties used to identify food molecules

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36
Q

What determines the shape of an enzyme molecule?

A

the folding of the amino acid chain

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37
Q

substrate

A

the molecule on which the enzymes act

38
Q

Enzyme specificy

A

Ensymes only work with molecules that fit into their active site. So they only work with molecules of one kind or those of a similar shape

39
Q

Denatured

A

In extreme conditions , the enzyme active site can loose its shape , making it denatured and stopping it working

40
Q

Optimum

A

when the enzyme works best

41
Q

rate of reaction =

A

Product/ time

42
Q

How do you calculate the energy in the food in calorimetry?

A

You calculate the temp change in the water

43
Q

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryote cells are complex
Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler

44
Q

What are the smaller parts of a cell?

A

subcellular structures

45
Q

What structures does an Animal cell have?

A

Neucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

46
Q

What structures does a Plant cell specificall have?

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

47
Q

Neucleus

A

Contains Genetic material ( arranged in chromosomes ) that controlls the activities of the cell.

48
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A gel - like substance where most of the reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

49
Q

Cell membrane

A

holds the cell together and controlls what goes in and out

50
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where most of the reactions for respiration take place. This transfers energy that the cells need to work

51
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it

52
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap ( a weak solution of sugar and salts ). It maintains the internal pressure to support the cell

53
Q

Chloroplasts

A

These are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant.

54
Q

What subcellular structures do bacteria have?

Alot smalller thatn eukaryotes

A

Chromosonal DNA
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Plasmid DNA
Flagellum

55
Q

Chromosomes DNA

A

controlls the cell’s activities activies and repliction. It floats free en cytoplasm

56
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

small loops of extra DNA that arent part of the chromosome. Plasmids contain genes for things like drug resistance and canbe passed between bacteria

57
Q

Flagellum

A

A long tail thing that helps the bacteria move

58
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

cells that have a structure adapted to their function

59
Q

What are Diploid and Haploid cells?

A

Diploid cells have 2 pairs of chromosomes (46)
Haploid only have one set (23)

60
Q

What specifications do Egg and sperm cells have?

A

they are haploid so when they combine in fertilisation the embryo can have a full set of chromosomes

61
Q

What are the functions of an egg cell?

A

The carry the female DNA and nourish the developing embryo in the early stages?

62
Q

How is an Egg cell adapted to its functions?

A

It contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo
Haploid nucleus
The membrane can quickly change shape to allow only one sperm cell

63
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To transport the males DNA to the Female’s Egg

64
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

A long tail to swim to the egg
It has lots of Mito in the middle section to provide nergy for swimming
It has an acrosome at the top of the head where its has enzymes to digest the Egg cell membrane
Haploid nucleus

65
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

In the linings of organs

66
Q

Cilia

A

hair like structures

67
Q

What is the function fo ciliated epithial cells?

A

To move substances - the cilia beat to move substances in one direction, along the surface of the tissue

68
Q

What are some examples of the function of Ciliated epithial cells

A

They remove musuc form the lining of airways

69
Q

what are the units for lenth in order?

A

Meter,centimeter,milimeter,micrometer,nanometer,picometer

70
Q

what is the traingle for microscopes

A

…I
A M

71
Q

What is I?

A

Image size, how big the picture is

72
Q

What is A?

A

Actual size, how big it actually is

73
Q

What is M?

A

How magnified it is ( how zoomed in)

74
Q

What is resolution?

A

how clear something

75
Q

What is resolution?

A

how clear something is

76
Q

What are the Pros and consof using a light microscope?

A

It uses light
its cheaper
it can see living organisms

77
Q

What are the pros and cons fo using an electron microscope?

A

It uses electrons
huge mag
huge res
it burns living organisms

78
Q

If the microscope has 2 lenses, how do you work out the magnification ( overall )

A

Times the 2 magnifications together

79
Q

What is the distance between Milli, micro, nano, pico

A

/1000 each time

80
Q

which SI unit for small distance is Ym

A

micro

81
Q

How do you find out how much energy there is in food?

A

Calorimetry

burning food

82
Q

How to calculate the amount of energy in food

A

Energy in food = Mass in water x Temp change of water

83
Q

how to work out energy per gram of food?

A

energy per gram of food / mass of food

84
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of paricles form an area of high concentration to a low concentration

the natural tedency for stuff to spread out

Happens in liquids and gases

85
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules across a semi/partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

or lower solute concetration to higher solute concentration

86
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

a membrane with very small holes in it

87
Q

Why can water pass through both ways during osmosis?

A

This is because the water molecules move about randomly

88
Q

Why can water pass through a semi-permeable membrane, but sucrose not?

A

Semi permeable membrane only let small molecules in e.g. water

89
Q

Active transport

A

is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration

This requires energy

90
Q

Example of Active Transport

A

when there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the gut than the blood, the nutrients diffuse naturally into the blood.

BUT sometimes there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut.

Active transport allows the nutrients to be taken into the blood, despite the fact the concentration gradient is the wrong way. This is essential to stop us starving

91
Q

Percentage change =

A

Final mass - initial mass/
inital mass

92
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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