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Biology > Topic 1 - Key concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key concepts in Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts, they speed up reactions in living organisms
Large, complex, protien molecules

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2
Q

Catylysts

A

a substance that speeds up chemical reactions

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of enzymes?

A

Ones that break down large molecules ( polymers) and ones that synthesize new substances (needed by body) from smaller molecules

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4
Q

Polymers

A

A Chain of large repeating units called monomers

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of food molecules? (nutrients)

A

Protien
Lipids (fats)
Carbohydrated (sugars)

these are all polymers

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6
Q

What do digestive enzymes do in humans, why ?

A

They turn the large molecules in our food into the smaller subunits they are made of. This then makes the molecules small enough to be absorbed by the small intestine

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7
Q

What are the molecules absorbed by the small intestine used for?

A

they now can be used to build the larger molecules that are needed in the cells and tissues

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8
Q

What is synthesis?

A

Building larger molecules from sub units

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9
Q

W

What are monomers?

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

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10
Q

What does protien break down into/ what are its monomers?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What does starch break down into/ what are its monomers?

A

Glucose molecules

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12
Q

What does Lipids break down into/ what are its monomers?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

Why do we need enzymes?

A

They speed up digestion and sythesis in the body, which would otherwise happen very slowly or not at all

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14
Q

Where is Amylase found?

A

saliva and small intestine

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15
Q

What does amylase catylise?

A

Breaks down starch into small sugars

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16
Q

Where is catylase found?

A

most cells, especially liver cells

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17
Q

What does catylase catylise?

A

breaking down hydrogen peroxide made in many cell reactions into water and oxygen

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18
Q

where is starch synthase found?

A

Plants

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19
Q

Hwat reaction does starch synthase catalise?

A

synthessis of starch from glucose

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20
Q

Where is DNA polymerase found?

A

nucleus

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21
Q

what reaction does DNA polymerase calalise?

A

synthesis of DNA from its polymers

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22
Q

How do we mesure the amount of energy in food?

A

A Calorimeter

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23
Q

What is the active site ?

A

where the substrate of the enzyme fits at the start of a reaction

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24
Q

Biological catalysts

A

they speed up reactions in living organisms

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25
How do you detect starch?
An iodine test, drop iodine onto the food.
26
What color does Iodine turn if it detects starch?
Deep purple / navy
27
What do you use to detect reducing sugars?
Benedicts solution
28
How do you test for sugars with benedicts solution?
Add an equal amount of benedicts solution to the food soution and place in a hot water bath for a few minutes.
29
What colors does benedicts solution turn when it detects reducing sugars?
Green = little sugars orange = more sugars Red= lots of sugars
30
What do you use to detect protein?
Biuret test
31
How do you use the biuret test to detect protien?
Mix potassium hydroxide with a food solution. then add two drops of copper sulfate.
32
What color does the biuret test turn when it detects protien?
Purple
33
what do you use to detect lipids?
The ethanol emulsion test
34
How do you do an ethanol emulsion test?
Food is mixed with the ethanol and is shaken. soem fo that mixture is then poured itno water and shaken. if it emulsifies there are lipids.
35
Chemical reagants
substances with specific properties used to identify food molecules
36
What determines the shape of an enzyme molecule?
the folding of the amino acid chain
37
substrate
the molecule on which the enzymes act
38
Enzyme specificy
Ensymes only work with molecules that fit into their active site. So they only work with molecules of one kind or those of a similar shape
39
Denatured
In extreme conditions , the enzyme active site can loose its shape , making it denatured and stopping it working
40
Optimum
when the enzyme works best
41
rate of reaction =
Product/ time
42
How do you calculate the energy in the food in calorimetry?
You calculate the temp change in the water
43
What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Eukaryote cells are complex Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler
44
What are the smaller parts of a cell?
subcellular structures
45
What structures does an Animal cell have?
Neucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes
46
What structures does a Plant cell specificall have?
Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplasts
47
Neucleus
Contains Genetic material ( arranged in chromosomes ) that controlls the activities of the cell.
48
Cytoplasm
A gel - like substance where most of the reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
49
Cell membrane
holds the cell together and controlls what goes in and out
50
Mitochondria
Where most of the reactions for respiration take place. This transfers energy that the cells need to work
51
Cell wall
Made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it
52
Vacuole
Contains cell sap ( a weak solution of sugar and salts ). It maintains the internal pressure to support the cell
53
Chloroplasts
These are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant.
54
What subcellular structures do bacteria have? | Alot smalller thatn eukaryotes
Chromosonal DNA Ribosomes Cell membrane Plasmid DNA Flagellum
55
Chromosomes DNA
controlls the cell's activities activies and repliction. It floats free en cytoplasm
56
Plasmid DNA
small loops of extra DNA that arent part of the chromosome. Plasmids contain genes for things like drug resistance and canbe passed between bacteria
57
Flagellum
A long tail thing that helps the bacteria move
58
What are specialised cells?
cells that have a structure adapted to their function
59
What are Diploid and Haploid cells?
Diploid cells have 2 pairs of chromosomes (46) Haploid only have one set (23)
60
What specifications do Egg and sperm cells have?
they are haploid so when they combine in fertilisation the embryo can have a full set of chromosomes
61
What are the functions of an egg cell?
The carry the female DNA and nourish the developing embryo in the early stages
62
How is an Egg cell adapted to its functions?
It contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo Haploid nucleus The membrane can quickly change shape to allow only one sperm cell
63
What is the function of a sperm cell?
To transport the males DNA to the Female's Egg
64
How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?
A long tail to swim to the egg It has lots of Mito in the middle section to provide nergy for swimming It has an acrosome at the top of the head where its has enzymes to digest the Egg cell membrane Haploid nucleus
65
Where are epithelial cells found?
In the linings of organs
66
Cilia
hair like structures
67
What is the function fo ciliated epithial cells?
To move substances - the cilia beat to move substances in one direction, along the surface of the tissue
68
What are some examples of the function of Ciliated epithial cells
They remove mucus form the lining of airways
69
what are the units for lenth in order?
Meter,centimeter,milimeter,micrometer,nanometer,picometer
70
what is the traingle for microscopes
...I A M
71
What is I?
Image size, how big the picture is
72
What is A?
Actual size, how big it actually is
73
What is M?
How magnified it is ( how zoomed in)
74
What is resolution?
how clear something
75
What is resolution?
how clear something is
76
What are the Pros and consof using a light microscope?
It uses light its cheaper it can see living organisms
77
What are the pros and cons fo using an electron microscope?
It uses electrons huge mag huge res it burns living organisms
78
If the microscope has 2 lenses, how do you work out the magnification ( overall )
Times the 2 magnifications together
79
What is the distance between Milli, micro, nano, pico
/1000 each time
80
which SI unit for small distance is Ym
micro
81
How do you find out how much energy there is in food?
Calorimetry | burning food
82
How to calculate the amount of energy in food
Energy in food = Mass in water x Temp change of water
83
how to work out energy per gram of food?
energy per gram of food / mass of food
84
Diffusion
The net movement of paricles form an area of high concentration to a low concentration | the natural tedency for stuff to spread out ## Footnote Happens in liquids and gases
85
Osmosis
The net movement of water molecules across a semi/partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration | or lower solute concetration to higher solute concentration
86
What is a partially permeable membrane?
a membrane with very small holes in it - only small molecules can pass through
87
Why can water pass through both ways during osmosis?
This is because the water molecules move about randomly
88
Why can water pass through a semi-permeable membrane, but sucrose not?
Semi permeable membrane only let small molecules in e.g. water
89
Active transport
is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration | This requires energy
90
Example of Active Transport
when there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the gut than the blood, the nutrients diffuse naturally into the blood. BUT sometimes there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut. Active transport allows the nutrients to be taken into the blood, despite the fact the concentration gradient is the wrong way. This is essential to stop us starving
91
Percentage change =
Final mass - initial mass/ inital mass
92

Biology (11 decks)

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