Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health defined as?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a disease?

A

A condition where a part of an organism doesnt function properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

Diseases that can be spreas between individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Non- communicable diseases

A

diseases that cant be spreas between ndividuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms such as Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and protists that cause communicable diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where can viruses only reproduce?

A

Inside living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why can viruses only reproduce inside living cells?

A

They arent cells, they are usually no more than a protien coat around a strand of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Lytic/Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 1

A
  1. The virus attaches itself to the host cell and inject its genetic material into the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 2

A
  1. The virus uses its protiens and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material into the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 3

A

The viral components assemble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 4

A

The host cell splits open ( lyses), releasing the new viruses, which infect more cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 2

A

The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 3

A

The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA everytime the host cell divides - but the virus is dormant nad no new viruses are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 4

A

Eventually a trigger (e/g a chemical)
causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an STI

A

Sexually transmitted Infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is

Chlamydia

A
  • A kind of Bacterium but behaves like a virus ( can only reproduce inside host cells)
  • Doesnt always cause symptoms, but can result in infertility in either sex.
  • Spread can be reduced by wearing a condom, screening individuals so they can be treated or** avoiding sexual contact**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- **Kills white blood cells, eventually leads to AIDS **
- spread via infected bodily fluids, prevented by condom or drug users avoiding sharing needles
- Medication can prevent an infected person spreading it so screening and proper treatment are important.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome
The infected persons immune system deteriorates and eventually fails - becuase of this, the person becomes very vunerable to opportunistic infections by other pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some Physical Plant defences?

A

Waxy cuticel, Cell walls and cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering them or pests from damaging them, may also stop water collecting on leaf -> reduce risk of infections spread via water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cell wall and cellulose

Physical barrier

A

Form a physical barrier to stop pathogens that pass the waxy cuticle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical Plant Defences

A

Antiseptics, kill bacterial and fungal pathogens. Also produces chemcials to deter pests

23
Q

Quinine

A

comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.
For years it was used as the main treatment for malaria

24
Q

Aspirin

A

used to releive pain and fever. Was developed from a chemical found in the bark and leaves of willow trees

25
Q

How are plant diseases usually detected in the field?

A

Observations
- some plants may show symptoms tahat are actually environmental causes
- different pathogens spread in different ways

26
Q

Detecting Antigens

A

Pathogens have unique molecules on their surface called Antigens
Antigens from a particular pathogen will be present in a plant ifected with said pathogen
We can detect the antigen to identify the pathogen

27
Q

Detecting DNA

A

If a plant is infected with a pathogen, the pathogens DNA will be present in the plants tissues
We can find the DNA to find te pathogen

28
Q

What are some Human physical barriers

A

The skin - if damages blodd clots seal cuts to keep stuff out
Hair and mucus in nose trap particles
Cells in trahcea and bronchi also have mucus and have cillia

29
Q

What are some human chemcial barriers

A

Stomach produces hydrochloric acid, kills pathogens that are swallowed
Eyes produce chemical lysozyme (in tears) Kills bateria on surface of the eye

30
Q

White blood cells

A

They travel around in your blood, patrolling for pathogens

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

When they come across an antigen on a pathogen, they start to produce protiens called antibodies. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells, the antibodies produced are specific to that pathogen - they wont lock onto any other pathogens
The antibodies then are poduced rapidly and go round the body to take out all similar pathogens.

32
Q

Vaccines

A

vaccines contain weakened or inactive pathogens.

33
Q

Herd Immunity

A

If 95% of people are vaccinated, the 5% that arent will have less of a risk of coming into contact with someone who has the disease

34
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substances that either kill bacteria, or inhibit their cell processes, which stop them from growing or reproducing. This makes the useful to deal with pathogens that the immune system cannot control

35
Q
A
36
Q

Cholera

A

A bacterium that spreads via water
Causes diarrhoea
Clean acces to water supplies prevents it

37
Q

Tuberculosis / TB

A

Bacterium spread through air when coughing.
Coughing and lung damage
Avoid crowds, wear mask

38
Q

Malaria

A

A protist that spreads by Mosquitos
Damage to red blood cells and sometime liver
Mozzie nets and repellent

39
Q

Stomach Ulcers

A

A bacterium spread by oral transmittion
Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
Clean water and living conditions

40
Q

Ebola

A

A virus spread by bodily fluids
heamorragic fever
isolating and sterilising

41
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

Fungal disease that infects ash trees through air
Leave loss and bar leisions
restricting import or movement of ash trees.

42
Q

Immunisation

A

Stops you getting infections
Injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body to trigger lymphocytes therefore creating memory lymphocytes. This creates a fast secondary immune response

43
Q

Pros of immunisation

A

Herd immunity
Wiping out certain diseases due to mass immunisation

44
Q

Immunisation Cons

A

Sometimes inneffective
Bad reactions to the vaccine

45
Q

How are Monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Fusing B-lymphocytes with tumor cells to they replicate faster

46
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

The stick bit has anibodies to the pregnancy hormone, The anibodies stick to the hormone as the urine moves up the stick turning it blue.

47
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be made to **target **cancer?

A

Cancer cells have protiens on their cell membranes that arent on normal. You can create Monoclonal antibodies that bind to these protiens

48
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to Diagnose cancer?

A
  1. The Monoclonal antibodies are marked with a radioactive element
  2. They are then given to the patient through a drip, they go into the blood and are carried around the body
  3. The antibodies bind to cancer cells
  4. Using radioactivy picturing to detect the antibodies
49
Q

How are Monoclonal Antibodies used to detect blood clots

A

Blood clots have a mesh of protien in them and the antibodies can be engineered to stick to them

50
Q

How are antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections?

A

They inhibit the bacterias process - reproduction
They dont kill viruses

51
Q

What are the 2 stages of testing for antibiotics?

A

Pre-clinical and clinical

52
Q

BMI =

A

Mass/Height2

53
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions