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Biology > Topic 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health defined as?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

What is a disease?

A

A condition where a part of an organism doesnt function properly

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3
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

Diseases that can be spreas between individuals

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4
Q

Non- communicable diseases

A

diseases that cant be spreas between ndividuals

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5
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms such as Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and protists that cause communicable diseases.

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6
Q

Where can viruses only reproduce?

A

Inside living cells

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7
Q

Why can viruses only reproduce inside living cells?

A

They arent cells, they are usually no more than a protien coat around a strand of genetic material

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8
Q

The Lytic/Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 1

A
  1. The virus attaches itself to the host cell and inject its genetic material into the cell
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9
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 2

A
  1. The virus uses its protiens and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material into the cell
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10
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 3

A

The viral components assemble

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11
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 4

A

The host cell splits open ( lyses), releasing the new viruses, which infect more cells.

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12
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 2

A

The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the host cell

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13
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 3

A

The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA everytime the host cell divides - but the virus is dormant nad no new viruses are made

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14
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 4

A

Eventually a trigger (e/g a chemical)
causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

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15
Q

What is an STI

A

Sexually transmitted Infections

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16
Q

is

Chlamydia

A
  • A kind of Bacterium but behaves like a virus ( can only reproduce inside host cells)
  • Doesnt always cause symptoms, but can result in infertility in either sex.
  • Spread can be reduced by wearing a condom, screening individuals so they can be treated or** avoiding sexual contact**
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17
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- **Kills white blood cells, eventually leads to AIDS **
- spread via infected bodily fluids, prevented by condom or drug users avoiding sharing needles
- Medication can prevent an infected person spreading it so screening and proper treatment are important.

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18
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome
The infected persons immune system deteriorates and eventually fails - becuase of this, the person becomes very vunerable to opportunistic infections by other pathogens.

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19
Q

What are some Physical Plant defences?

A

Waxy cuticel, Cell walls and cellulose

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20
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering them or pests from damaging them, may also stop water collecting on leaf -> reduce risk of infections spread via water

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21
Q

Cell wall and cellulose

Physical barrier

A

Form a physical barrier to stop pathogens that pass the waxy cuticle.

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22
Q

Chemical Plant Defences

A

Antiseptics, kill bacterial and fungal pathogens. Also produces chemcials to deter pests

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23
Q

Quinine

A

comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.
For years it was used as the main treatment for malaria

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24
Q

Aspirin

A

used to releive pain and fever. Was developed from a chemical found in the bark and leaves of willow trees

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25
Q

How are plant diseases usually detected in the field?

A

Observations
- some plants may show symptoms tahat are actually environmental causes
- different pathogens spread in different ways

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26
Q

Detecting Antigens

A

Pathogens have unique molecules on their surface called Antigens
Antigens from a particular pathogen will be present in a plant ifected with said pathogen
We can detect the antigen to identify the pathogen

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27
Q

Detecting DNA

A

If a plant is infected with a pathogen, the pathogens DNA will be present in the plants tissues
We can find the DNA to find te pathogen

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28
Q

What are some Human physical barriers

A

The skin - if damages blodd clots seal cuts to keep stuff out
Hair and mucus in nose trap particles
Cells in trahcea and bronchi also have mucus and have cillia

29
Q

What are some human chemcial barriers

A

Stomach produces hydrochloric acid, kills pathogens that are swallowed
Eyes produce chemical lysozyme (in tears) Kills bateria on surface of the eye

30
Q

White blood cells

A

They travel around in your blood, patrolling for pathogens

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

When they come across an antigen on a pathogen, they start to produce protiens called antibodies. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells, the antibodies produced are specific to that pathogen - they wont lock onto any other pathogens
The antibodies then are poduced rapidly and go round the body to take out all similar pathogens.

32
Q

Vaccines

A

vaccines contain weakened or inactive pathogens.

33
Q

Herd Immunity

A

If 95% of people are vaccinated, the 5% that arent will have less of a risk of coming into contact with someone who has the disease

34
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substances that either kill bacteria, or inhibit their cell processes, which stop them from growing or reproducing. This makes the useful to deal with pathogens that the immune system cannot control

35
Q

Cholera

A

A bacterium that spreads via water
Causes diarrhoea
Clean acces to water supplies prevents it

36
Q

Tuberculosis / TB

A

Bacterium spread through air when coughing.
Coughing and lung damage
Avoid crowds, wear mask

37
Q

Malaria

A

A protist that spreads by Mosquitos
Damage to red blood cells and sometime liver
Mozzie nets and repellent

38
Q

Stomach Ulcers

A

A bacterium spread by oral transmittion
Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
Clean water and living conditions

39
Q

Ebola

A

A virus spread by bodily fluids
heamorragic fever
isolating and sterilising

40
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

Fungal disease that infects ash trees through air
Leave loss and bar leisions
restricting import or movement of ash trees.

41
Q

Immunisation

A

Stops you getting infections
Injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body to trigger lymphocytes therefore creating memory lymphocytes. This creates a fast secondary immune response

42
Q

Pros of immunisation

A

Herd immunity
Wiping out certain diseases due to mass immunisation

43
Q

Immunisation Cons

A

Sometimes inneffective
Bad reactions to the vaccine

44
Q

How are Monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Fusing B-lymphocytes with tumor cells to they replicate faster

45
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

The stick bit has anibodies to the pregnancy hormone, The anibodies stick to the hormone as the urine moves up the stick turning it blue.

46
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be made to **target **cancer?

A

Cancer cells have protiens on their cell membranes that arent on normal. You can create Monoclonal antibodies that bind to these protiens

47
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to Diagnose cancer?

A
  1. The Monoclonal antibodies are marked with a radioactive element
  2. They are then given to the patient through a drip, they go into the blood and are carried around the body
  3. The antibodies bind to cancer cells
  4. Using radioactivy picturing to detect the antibodies
48
Q

How are Monoclonal Antibodies used to detect blood clots

A

Blood clots have a mesh of protien in them and the antibodies can be engineered to stick to them

49
Q

How are antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections?

A

They inhibit the bacterias process - reproduction
They dont kill viruses

50
Q

What are the 2 stages of testing for antibiotics?

A

Pre-clinical and clinical

51
Q

BMI =

A

Mass/Height2

52
Q

What are non communicable diseases?

A

Diseases not caused by pathogens, instead they have risk factors that can cause them

53
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Things that are linked to an increase in likely hood that a certain person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime
Risk factors can be unavoidable e.g. Genetics
Or caused by lifestyle factors

54
Q

What is an example of a risk factor?

A

Smoking is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease

55
Q

Why is smoking a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease

A
  • Nicotine in cigarette smoke increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure
  • High blood pressure damages artery walls, which contributes to the build up of fatty deposits in arteries or blood clots
  • This restricts blood flow which can cause increase of heart attack or stroke
56
Q

What are some common risk factors?

A
  • Malnutrition - scurvy and other diseases
  • Low exercise or a diet with high fat content can cause obesity
  • Overconsumption of alcohol - liver disease
57
Q

How does BMI relate to obesity?

A

If you eat a high fat, high sugar diet and you dont do enough exercise, your likely to take in more energy than you use, this energy is stored as excess fat, so your more likely to have a high BMI and be obese

58
Q

What are the 2 main measurements of obesity

A

BMI and waist to hip ratio

59
Q

How is BMI unreliable?

A

Athletes have a high content of muscle, which has a higher mass than fat, so may appear as obese on the BMI scale

60
Q

Waist-to-hip-ratio=

A

Waist circumference/Hip circumference

61
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A fatty substance that your body needs to make things like cell membranes

62
Q

How can cholesterol be damaging to arteries?

A

Too much can build up fatty deposits, restricting blood flow
these deposits occure where the artery has been damages e.g. by high pressure.
The fatty deposits can also trigger blood clots to form, which can block blood flow completely

63
Q

If blood clots block an artery leading to the heart what can this cause?

A

A heart attack

If the blockage is leading to the brain it deprives the brain of oxygen, causing a stroke

64
Q

What 3 things can aid/reduce cardiovascular disease

A

Lifestyle changes
Drugs
Surgical procedures

65
Q

what are the 3 drugs that can reduce cardiovascular disease?

A

Statins
Anticoagulants
Antihypertensives

66
Q

How can statins reduce cardiovascular disease?

A
  • reduce amount of cholesterol in blood stream- reduces rate at which fatty acids form - reducing risk of heart attacks or strokes
  • However there are side effects e.g liver disease
67
Q

How can anticoagulants reduce cardiovascular disease?

A

E.g warfarin - these make blood clots less likely to form

However this can cause excessive bleeding if a person i caught in an accident

68
Q

How can antihypertensives reduce cardiovascular disease?

A
  • reduces blood pressure so prevents damage to blood vessels and so reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming
    Side effects - nausea and fainting
69
Q
A

Biology (9 decks)

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