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Biology > Topic 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

1
Q

What is health defined as?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

What is a disease?

A

A condition where a part of an organism doesnt function properly

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3
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

Diseases that can be spreas between individuals

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4
Q

Non- communicable diseases

A

diseases that cant be spreas between ndividuals

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5
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms such as Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and protists that cause communicable diseases.

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6
Q

Where can viruses only reproduce?

A

Inside living cells

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7
Q

Why can viruses only reproduce inside living cells?

A

They arent cells, they are usually no more than a protien coat around a strand of genetic material

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8
Q

The Lytic/Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 1

A
  1. The virus attaches itself to the host cell and inject its genetic material into the cell
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9
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 2

A
  1. The virus uses its protiens and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material into the cell
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10
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 3

A

The viral components assemble

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11
Q

The Lytic Pathway
Stage 4

A

The host cell splits open ( lyses), releasing the new viruses, which infect more cells.

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12
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 2

A

The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the host cell

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13
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 3

A

The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA everytime the host cell divides - but the virus is dormant nad no new viruses are made

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14
Q

The Lysogenic Pathway
Stage 4

A

Eventually a trigger (e/g a chemical)
causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

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15
Q

What is an STI

A

Sexually transmitted Infections

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16
Q

is

Chlamydia

A
  • A kind of Bacterium but behaves like a virus ( can only reproduce inside host cells)
  • Doesnt always cause symptoms, but can result in infertility in either sex.
  • Spread can be reduced by wearing a condom, screening individuals so they can be treated or avoiding sexual contact
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17
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Kills white blood cells, eventually leads to AIDS
- spread via infected bodily fluids, prevented by condom or drug users avoiding sharing needles
- Medication can prevent an infected person spreading it so screening and proper treatment are important.

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18
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome
The infected persons immune system deteriorates and eventually fails - becuase of this, the person becomes very vunerable to opportunistic infections by other pathogens.

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19
Q

What are some Physical Plant defences?

A

Waxy cuticel, Cell walls and cellulose

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20
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering them or pests from damaging them, may also stop water collecting on leaf -> reduce risk of infections spread via water

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21
Q

Cell wall and cellulose

Physical barrier

A

Form a physical barrier to stop pathogens that pass the waxy cuticle.

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22
Q

Chemical Plant Defences

A

Antiseptics - kill bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Produces chemcials to deter pests

some of these are then used for human medicine e.g. quinine & aspirin

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23
Q

Quinine

A

comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.
For years it was used as the main treatment for malaria

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24
Q

Aspirin

A

used to releive pain and fever. Was developed from a chemical found in the bark and leaves of willow trees

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25
How are plant diseases usually detected in the field?
Observations - some plants may show symptoms that are actually environmental causes - different pathogens spread in different ways
26
Detecting Antigens
Pathogens have unique molecules on their surface called **Antigens** Antigens from a particular pathogen will be present in a plant ifected with said pathogen We can detect the antigen to identify the pathogen
27
Detecting DNA | Plants
If a plant is infected with a pathogen, the pathogens DNA will be present in the plants tissues We can find the DNA to find te pathogen
28
What are some Human physical barriers
The skin - if damages blodd clots seal cuts to keep stuff out Hair and mucus in nose trap particles Cells in trahcea and bronchi also have mucus and have cillia
29
What are some human chemcial barriers
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid, kills pathogens that are swallowed Eyes produce chemical lysozyme (in tears) Kills bateria on surface of the eye
30
White blood cells
They travel around in your blood, patrolling for pathogens
31
How do Lymphocytes protect the body? | the white blood cells that produce antigens
When they come across an antigen on a pathogen, they start to produce protiens called antibodies. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells, the antibodies produced are specific to that pathogen - they wont lock onto any other pathogens The antibodies then are poduced rapidly and go round the body to take out all similar pathogens.
32
what do Vaccines contain?
vaccines contain weakened or inactive pathogens.
33
Herd Immunity
If 95% of people are vaccinated, the 5% that arent will have less of a risk of coming into contact with someone who has the disease
34
Antibiotics
Substances that either kill bacteria, or inhibit their cell processes, which stop them from growing or reproducing. This makes the useful to deal with pathogens that the immune system cannot control
35
Cholera
A bacterium that spreads via water Causes diarrhoea Clean acces to water supplies prevents it | Vibrio Cholerae
36
Tuberculosis / TB
Bacterium spread through air when coughing. Coughing and lung damage Avoid crowds, wear mask | Mycobacterium tuberculosis
37
Malaria
A protist that spreads by Mosquitos Damage to red blood cells and sometime liver Mozzie nets and repellent
38
Stomach Ulcers
A bacterium spread by oral transmittion Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting Clean water and living conditions | Helicobacter Pylori
39
Ebola
A virus spread by bodily fluids heamorragic fever isolating and sterilising
40
Chalara ash dieback
Fungal disease that infects ash trees through air Leave loss and bar leisions restricting import or movement of ash trees.
41
Immunisation
Stops you getting infections Injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body to trigger lymphocytes therefore creating memory lymphocytes. This creates a fast secondary immune response
42
Pros of immunisation
Herd immunity Wiping out certain diseases due to mass immunisation
43
Immunisation Cons
Sometimes inneffective Bad reactions to the vaccine
44
How are Monoclonal antibodies produced?
Fusing B-lymphocytes with tumor cells to they replicate faster
45
How do pregnancy tests work?
The stick bit has anibodies to the pregnancy hormone, The anibodies stick to the hormone as the urine moves up the stick turning it blue.
46
How can monoclonal antibodies be made to **target** cancer?
An anti-cancer drug is attahed to the monoclonal antibodies -> Given to the patient through a drip -> The antibodies only target cancer cells because they only bind to tumor markers | better than other treatments cus they dont damage normal cells
47
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to **Diagnose** cancer?
1. The Monoclonal antibodies are marked with a radioactive element 2. They are then given to the patient through a drip, they go into the blood and are carried around the body 3. The antibodies bind to cancer cells 4. Using radioactivy picturing to detect the antibodies
48
How are Monoclonal Antibodies used to detect blood clots
Blood clots have a mesh of protien in them and the antibodies can be engineered to stick to them
49
How are antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections?
They inhibit the bacterias process - reproduction They dont kill viruses
50
What are the 2 stages of testing for antibiotics?
Pre-clinical and clinical
51
BMI =
Mass/Height2
52
What are non communicable diseases?
Diseases not caused by pathogens, instead they have risk factors that can cause them
53
What are risk factors?
Things that are linked to an increase in likely hood that a certain person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime Risk factors can be unavoidable e.g. Genetics Or caused by lifestyle factors
54
What is an example of a risk factor?
Smoking is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease
55
Why is smoking a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease
- Nicotine in cigarette smoke increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure - High blood pressure damages artery walls, which contributes to the build up of fatty deposits in arteries or blood clots - This restricts blood flow which can cause increase of heart attack or stroke
56
What are some common risk factors?
- Malnutrition - scurvy and other diseases - Low exercise or a diet with high fat content can cause obesity - Overconsumption of alcohol - liver disease
57
How does BMI relate to obesity?
If you eat a high fat, high sugar diet and you dont do enough exercise, your likely to take in more energy than you use, this energy is stored as excess fat, so your more likely to have a high BMI and be obese
58
What are the 2 main measurements of obesity
BMI and waist to hip ratio
59
How is BMI unreliable?
Athletes have a high content of muscle, which has a higher mass than fat, so may appear as obese on the BMI scale
60
Waist-to-hip-ratio=
Waist circumference/Hip circumference
61
What is cholesterol?
A fatty substance that your body needs to make things like cell membranes
62
How can cholesterol be damaging to arteries?
Too much can build up fatty deposits, restricting blood flow these deposits occure where the artery has been damages e.g. by high pressure. The fatty deposits can also trigger blood clots to form, which can block blood flow completely
63
If blood clots block an artery leading to the heart what can this cause?
A heart attack If the blockage is leading to the brain it deprives the brain of oxygen, causing a stroke
64
What 3 things can aid/reduce cardiovascular disease
Lifestyle changes Drugs Surgical procedures
65
what are the 3 drugs that can reduce cardiovascular disease?
Statins Anticoagulants Antihypertensives
66
How can statins reduce cardiovascular disease?
- reduce amount of cholesterol in blood stream- reduces rate at which fatty acids form - reducing risk of heart attacks or strokes - However there are side effects e.g liver disease
67
How can anticoagulants reduce cardiovascular disease?
E.g warfarin - these make blood clots less likely to form However this can cause excessive bleeding if a person i caught in an accident
68
How can antihypertensives reduce cardiovascular disease?
- reduces blood pressure so prevents damage to blood vessels and so reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming Side effects - nausea and fainting

Biology (11 decks)

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