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Biology > Topic 6A: Stimuli and Responses > Flashcards

Topic 6A: Stimuli and Responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • Somatic - conscious activities
  • Autonomic - unconscious activities
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3
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic - increases activity
  • Parasympathetic - decreased activity
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4
Q

What route does a reflex take?

A
  • Stimulus
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neurone
  • Relay neurone
  • Motor neurone
  • Effector
  • Response
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5
Q

How are reflexes localised?

A
  • Neurotransmitters secreted directly onto cells
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6
Q

How are reflexes short lived?

A
  • Neurotransmitters are quickly removed
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7
Q

How are reflexes rapid?

A
  • Electrical impulses are very fast - allows for quick reactions
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8
Q

What is a tropism?

A
  • Response to a directional stimulus in plants
  • Growth response
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9
Q

What tropisms do shoots do?

A
  • Positively phototropic
  • Negatively gravitropic
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10
Q

What tropisms do roots do?

A
  • Negatively phototropic
  • Positively gravitropic
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11
Q

What auxin performs tropisms and how is it transported?

A
  • Indoleacetic acid (IAA)
  • Short distances - diffusion and active transport
  • Long distances - phloem
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12
Q

What does IAA do in shoots?

A
  • Stimulates cell elongation
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13
Q

What does IAA do in roots?

A
  • Inhibits cell elongation
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14
Q

Where does ISA move to?

A
  • Lower or shaded side
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15
Q

What is a taxis?

A
  • Directional movement response to a stimulus
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16
Q

What is a kinesis?

A
  • Non directional response to a stimulus
17
Q

What performs taxes and kinesis?

A

Invertebrates

18
Q

What are choice chambers?

A
  • Have different compartments to create different environmental conditions
19
Q

What are choice chambers used for?

A
  • Investigating how animals respond to different conditions
20
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

pressure - in the skin

21
Q

How do pacinian corpuscles work?

A
  • Stimulated by pressure
  • Lamellae deformed
  • Stretches membrane of sensory neurone inside
  • Opens stretch mediated sodium ion channels
  • Sodium ions move in
  • Depolarises
  • Generator potential made
  • If threshold reached - action potential formed
22
Q

How do photoreceptors work?

A
  • Light sensitive pigments absorb light
  • Become bleached
  • Cause a chemical change - become more permeable to sodium ions
  • Generator potential formed
23
Q

What is visual acuity?

A
  • Ability to distinguish between two points that are close together
24
Q

What is retinal convergence?

A
  • Several rods connect to one bipolar cell
  • Summation occurs - effect of neurotransmitters added together so threshold reached more easily
25
Q

What pigment is in rods?

A

Rhodopsin

26
Q

Where are rods found?

A

Periphery of retina

27
Q

What do rods make images in?

A

black and white

28
Q

What sensitivity to light do rods have and why?

A
  • Very sensitive
  • Multiple join to one bipolar cell
  • Weak generator potentials added together to reach the threshold
29
Q

What visual acuity to rods have and why?

A
  • Low visual acuity
  • Multiple join to one bipolar cell
  • Cannot tell them apart
30
Q

What pigment is in cones and what colour light are they sensitive to?

A
  • Iodopsin
  • Red, green or blue sensitive
31
Q

Where are cones found?

A

Fovea

32
Q

How sensitive to light are cones and why?

A
  • Less sensitive
  • Each join to their own bipolar cell
  • Takes more light to reach the threshold
33
Q

What visual acuity do cones have and why?

A
  • High visual acuity
  • Close together
  • Each join to their own neurone
  • Make separate action potentials
34
Q

How is heart rate stimulated?

A
  • SAN sends impulses across the atria causing them to contract
  • Non-conducting tissue prevents the atria and ventricles contracting together
  • The impulse is delayed at the AVN so that the atria can fully empty of blood before the ventricles contract
  • The impulse travels down the bundle of His to the apex of the heart
  • Then move up purkyne fibres to make the ventricles contract from the bottom up
35
Q

How is heart rate increased?

A
  • Impulses to medulla
  • More frequent impulses down sympathetic nerve releasing neuradrenaline
  • The SAN sends impulses more frequently
  • Heart rate increases
36
Q

How is heart rate decreased?

A
  • Impulses to medulla
  • More frequent impulses sent down the vagus nerve
  • Releases acetylcholine
  • Decreases frequency of impulses from SAN
  • Decreases heart rate
37
Q

What detects CO2 or pH levels in blood?

A

chemoreceptors

38
Q

What detects blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors

39
Q

Where are these receptors found?

A

carotid body
aortic arch

Biology (18 decks)

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