Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 5A: Photosynthesis and Respiration > Flashcards

Topic 5A: Photosynthesis and Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are properties of ATP?

A
  • Releases energy in small amounts
  • Simple reaction
  • Quickly remade
  • Supply to where needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are coenzymes?

A
  • Aids an enzyme
  • Transfers chemical groups from one molecule to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction happen?

A
  • Thylakoid membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are properties of the thylakoid membrane?

A
  • Contains chlorophyll
  • Large SA to absorb light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the light dependent reaction begin?

A
  • Photoionisation - light absorbed by chlorophyll photo system 2 - electrons are excited and leave the chlorophyll and are accepted by an electron acceptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to electrons from the electron acceptor?

A
  • Chemiosmosis - electrons move down electron transport chain - release energy - used to make ATP - electrons move to chlorophyll photo system 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do electrons move from chlorophyll PS 1?

A
  • Electrons excited by light energy again and leave
  • Move down second electron transport chain - move to NADP - final electron acceptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is photolysis of water?

A
  • Electrons replace those lost from chlorophyll
  • protons (H+) reduce NADP to NADPH with electrons
  • O2 released as byproduct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the stages of chemiosmosis?

A
  1. Electrons lose energy as the move down the electron transport chain
  2. This energy is used to actively transport protons into the thylakoid
  3. A proton gradient is made so protons diffuse back in through ATP synthase
  4. Energy from this movement converts ATP + Pi —> ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is photo phosphorylation?

A
  • Forming ATP from ADP + Pi in photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is non cyclic photo phosphorylation?

A
  • normal
  • produces ATP, NADPH, O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cyclic photo phosphorylation?

A
  • Only produces ATP
  • Electrons passed back to chlorophyll PS2 to recycle without making NADPH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the light independent reaction happen?

A
  • Stroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the properties of the stroma?

A
  • Contains enzymes
  • Short diffusion distance to grand for ATP and NADPH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the light independent reaction

A

Calvin Cycle
5C RuBP
CO2 joins - catalysed by rubisco
2x3C GP
Forms 2x3C Triose Phosphate —> reduced using NADPH -> NADP and energy from ATP -> ADP + Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are products from the light independent reaction used?

A

1/6 used to produce organic molecules e.g. glucose
5/6 go back to become RuBP using phosphate from ATP -> ADP + Pi
Reaction must happen 6 times for one glucose molecule

17
Q

How is light intensity a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A
  • More light = more rate
  • Then plateaus as another factor is limiting
  • More light = more excited electrons - LDR
18
Q

How is light intensity regulated in glasshouses?

A
  • Light in through glass in day
  • Lamps at night
  • LEDs = less expensive
19
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Inc temp = faster rate - inc collision rate
  • Too hot - enzymes denature - rate slows
  • only affects LIR - enzymes
  • Too hot - stomata close - less CO2 in
  • Affects membrane permeability - for proton gradient
20
Q

How is temperature regulated in glasshouses?

A
  • Heating and cooling system for optimum temp
  • Circulation for even temp
  • Energy trapped from the sun warms air
21
Q

How is CO2 conc a limiting factor?

A
  • Inc - inc rate - for LIR
  • Plateaus - something else is limiting
22
Q

How is CO2 changed in glasshouses?

A
  • Burn propane in CO2 generator
23
Q

How does water affect photosynthesis?

A
  • Too little - no photolysis
  • Too much - waterlogged - reduces mineral uptake
24
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A
  • cytoplasm
25
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

6C glucose - phosphorylation with ATP -> ADP + Pi
6C glucose phosphate - phosphorylated again (ATP -> ADP +Pi)
Unstable 6C molecule - splits
2x3C triose phosphate - oxidised (NAD-> NADH & 4ADP+4Pi -> 4ATP)
2x3C pyruvate

26
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

27
Q

What is after glycolysis in aerobic respiration - where does it happen?

A

Link reaction
Mitochondrial matrix

28
Q

Describe the link reaction

A

3C pyruvate - reduced and loses a C ( CO2 released & NAD -> NADH)
2C acetate - gains coenzyme A
2C acetyl coenzyme A

Happens twice for each glucose - 2x pyruvate made

29
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A

2C acetyl coenzyme A
6C acid (releases CO2 & NAD -> NADH
5C acid (releases CO2, NAD -> NADH, FAD -> FADH & ATP)
4C acid —> back round to acetyl coenzyme A

31
Q

What reactions are in the Krebs cycle?

A

From 6C to 4C - series of oxidation reduction reactions

32
Q

What phosphorylation is this?

A
  • Substrate level - enzyme related
33
Q

What are the steps of the electron transport chain for respiration?

A
  1. FADH + NADH attach to 1st electron carrier on cristae - release electrons H+ and NAD + FAD recycled
  2. Electrons move down carriers in redox reactions - releases energy
  3. Energy actively transports protons into inter membrane space - forms proton gradient
  4. Protons diffuse back into matrix - through ATP synthase - release energy (ADP +Pi -> ATP)
  5. O2 = final electron acceptor - combines with protons and electrons to form water
34
Q

What phosphorylation is this?

A

Oxidative

35
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration used?

A
  • Alternative pathway - pyruvate accepts H from NADH
  • Allows regeneration of NAD to drive glycolysis to happen again
  • Generates a small amount of ATP to provide energy until aerobic respiration can begin again
36
Q

How does anaerobic respiration happen in plants?

A
  • pyruvate —> ethanol + CO2
    (NADH -> NAD)
37
Q

How does anaerobic respiration happen in animals?

A
  • Pyruvate —> lactate
    ( NADH -> NAD)
38
Q

Which type of respiration produces more ATP?

A
  • Aerobic = 38 ATP
  • Anaerobic = 2 ATP (from glycolysis only)

Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions