Topic 6 - Test #3 Flashcards
level one and level two defences are ________ immunity
innate (born with)
level 3 defences are ______ immunity
acquired
how the pathogen attacks your body…
Must come in at the right _______ and the correct ____ must be present
- portal of entry
- dose
what is the pathogens physical weapon
adhesion
types of adhesion pathogens use
- ligands/adhesins - binding molecule on the surface of some bacteria (capsomeres & peplomers)
- fimbrae
- capsules
capsules allow for
- adhesion
- neutralize drugs
- avoid phagocytosis
- block complement activation
- dealt immune response to pathoen
chemical weapons pathogens use
enzymes or toxins
enzymes of pathogens alter what in the hosts tissue
substrate
invasions
make pores in cell surface allow for movement of location
ex, borrelia (syhpilis) in lime disease
spirochaete
- function & infection type
axial filament flagella in combo w. invasion enzymes allow bacteria to push through cells of blood vessel wall
- penetration into bloodstream (septicemia) and tissue (focal)
coagulase
- function, type of infection
forms clot (solid barrier)
- no wbc’s can enter
- localizing enzyme - localized infection
kinase
- function & infection type
dissolves blood clots
- septicemia
hyaluronidase
dissolves cell cement (hydraluronic acid) between cells
- “spread factor”
collagenase
- function & infection type
breaks down collagen under cell layer
- sysetmic - spread through tissue
collagenase works with
hyaluronidase
leucocidin
kills WBC’s contributes to pus formation
M-protein
allows attachment and prevents (repels) phagocytosis by WBC’s
hemolysins
rupture red blood cells
benefits
- reduce 02 & increase CO2 for microarophiles
- releases protein, iron from nutrients
toxins of pathogens affect _______ of host cells or tissues
functionality
what are the two main types of toxins
endotoxins & exotocins
exotoxins
molecules type: secreted from: gram reaction: effect felt: specific \_\_\_\_\_ produces by immune system in response to toxins
molecules type: proteins secreted from: live cells gram reaction: gr- or gr + effect felt: specific cells/tissue specific _ antitoxins\_\_ produces by immune system in response to toxins
toxoid
production possible by denaturation to make vaccines (safe version of the toxins)
exotoxin types:
- cytotxins
- enterotoxins
- neurotoxins
cytotoxins
function, ex, shows up as
directly kill cells - explodes host cell by overfilling it w/ water by changing the permeability
ex, anthrax
- lesions
enterotoxins
function, ex, effect, symptoms/results
F: affect digestive tract (usually intestines)
ex, staph aureus, E. coli 0157:H7, salmonella, cholera
effect: fluid loss from cells and/or increased peristalsis
symptoms/results: diarrhea, cramping, nausea
neurotoxins
affect nervous systems
- botulism
- tetanus
botulism is ____ paralysis
flaccid
tetanus is _____ paralysis
rigid
botulism toxins
toxin binds to:
prevents:
no muscle ______ occurs
_____ paralysis
toxin binds to: nerve ending
prevents: release of neurotransmitter (ach)
no muscle _contraction__ occurs
___flaccid__ paralysis
tetanus toxin - tetanospasmin
toxin binds to:
prevents:
no muscle ______ occurs
_____ paralysis
toxin binds to: nerve endings
prevents: inhibitory neurotransmitter release
no muscle __relaxation____ occurs
__rigid___ paralysis
endotoxins (lipid A)
molecule type: found in cell within: gram reaction: released by cell: effect: does not: Not usable for:
molecule type: lipids
found in cell within: LPS layer of cell wall (lipid A)
gram reaction: gr - only
released by cell: when cell dies
effect: systemic (fever, inflammation, BP drop, shock, blood coagulation, etc)
does not: trigger antitoxin release, no toxoid possible
Not usable for: vaccines
viral cytopathic effects (CPE)
viral-infected cell abnormalities often ______
diagnostic
CPE - syncytium formation
adjacent cells merge into a continuous mass (forms one great big cell)
ex, RSV, measles, mumps
CPE - multi-nucleated cells
cells contain more than one nucleus
ex. herpes viruses
CPE - inclusion bodies
clumps of host cell organelles or viral produces seen inside cells
- dark spots scattered around in cell cytoplasm
ex. cytomegalovirus
CPE - nucleomegaly
bigger nuclei inside cells
ex. cytomegalovirus
CPE - enlargement
cells distinctly larger
ex. retrovirus
CPE - rounding
cells go from flat to spherical
ex. influenza
quorum sensing
bacteria “know” when each virulence factor should be released
