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Microbiology > Topic 6 - Test #3 > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Test #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

level one and level two defences are ________ immunity

A

innate (born with)

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2
Q

level 3 defences are ______ immunity

A

acquired

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3
Q

how the pathogen attacks your body…

Must come in at the right _______ and the correct ____ must be present

A
  • portal of entry

- dose

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4
Q

what is the pathogens physical weapon

A

adhesion

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5
Q

types of adhesion pathogens use

A
  • ligands/adhesins - binding molecule on the surface of some bacteria (capsomeres & peplomers)
  • fimbrae
  • capsules
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6
Q

capsules allow for

A
  • adhesion
  • neutralize drugs
  • avoid phagocytosis
  • block complement activation
  • dealt immune response to pathoen
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7
Q

chemical weapons pathogens use

A

enzymes or toxins

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8
Q

enzymes of pathogens alter what in the hosts tissue

A

substrate

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9
Q

invasions

A

make pores in cell surface allow for movement of location

ex, borrelia (syhpilis) in lime disease

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10
Q

spirochaete

  • function & infection type
A

axial filament flagella in combo w. invasion enzymes allow bacteria to push through cells of blood vessel wall
- penetration into bloodstream (septicemia) and tissue (focal)

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11
Q

coagulase

  • function, type of infection
A

forms clot (solid barrier)

  • no wbc’s can enter
  • localizing enzyme - localized infection
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12
Q

kinase

  • function & infection type
A

dissolves blood clots

- septicemia

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13
Q

hyaluronidase

A

dissolves cell cement (hydraluronic acid) between cells

- “spread factor”

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14
Q

collagenase

  • function & infection type
A

breaks down collagen under cell layer

- sysetmic - spread through tissue

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15
Q

collagenase works with

A

hyaluronidase

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16
Q

leucocidin

A

kills WBC’s contributes to pus formation

17
Q

M-protein

A

allows attachment and prevents (repels) phagocytosis by WBC’s

18
Q

hemolysins

A

rupture red blood cells

benefits

  1. reduce 02 & increase CO2 for microarophiles
  2. releases protein, iron from nutrients
19
Q

toxins of pathogens affect _______ of host cells or tissues

A

functionality

20
Q

what are the two main types of toxins

A

endotoxins & exotocins

21
Q

exotoxins

molecules type: 
secreted from: 
gram reaction: 
effect felt: 
specific \_\_\_\_\_ produces by immune system in response to toxins
A 
molecules type: proteins 
secreted from: live cells 
gram reaction: gr- or gr + 
effect felt: specific cells/tissue 
specific _ antitoxins\_\_ produces by immune system in response to toxins
22
Q

toxoid

A

production possible by denaturation to make vaccines (safe version of the toxins)

23
Q

exotoxin types:

A
  • cytotxins
  • enterotoxins
  • neurotoxins
24
Q

cytotoxins

function, ex, shows up as

A

directly kill cells - explodes host cell by overfilling it w/ water by changing the permeability
ex, anthrax
- lesions

25
Q

enterotoxins

function, ex, effect, symptoms/results

A

F: affect digestive tract (usually intestines)

ex, staph aureus, E. coli 0157:H7, salmonella, cholera

effect: fluid loss from cells and/or increased peristalsis

symptoms/results: diarrhea, cramping, nausea

26
Q

neurotoxins

A

affect nervous systems

  1. botulism
  2. tetanus
27
Q

botulism is ____ paralysis

A

flaccid

28
Q

tetanus is _____ paralysis

A

rigid

29
Q

botulism toxins

toxin binds to:
prevents:
no muscle ______ occurs
_____ paralysis

A

toxin binds to: nerve ending
prevents: release of neurotransmitter (ach)
no muscle _contraction__ occurs
___flaccid__ paralysis

30
Q

tetanus toxin - tetanospasmin

toxin binds to:
prevents:
no muscle ______ occurs
_____ paralysis

A

toxin binds to: nerve endings
prevents: inhibitory neurotransmitter release
no muscle __relaxation____ occurs
__rigid___ paralysis

31
Q

endotoxins (lipid A)

molecule type: 
found in cell within: 
gram reaction: 
released by cell: 
effect: 
does not: 
Not usable for:
A

molecule type: lipids
found in cell within: LPS layer of cell wall (lipid A)
gram reaction: gr - only
released by cell: when cell dies
effect: systemic (fever, inflammation, BP drop, shock, blood coagulation, etc)
does not: trigger antitoxin release, no toxoid possible
Not usable for: vaccines

32
Q

viral cytopathic effects (CPE)

viral-infected cell abnormalities often ______

A

diagnostic

33
Q

CPE - syncytium formation

A

adjacent cells merge into a continuous mass (forms one great big cell)

ex, RSV, measles, mumps

34
Q

CPE - multi-nucleated cells

A

cells contain more than one nucleus

ex. herpes viruses

35
Q

CPE - inclusion bodies

A

clumps of host cell organelles or viral produces seen inside cells
- dark spots scattered around in cell cytoplasm

ex. cytomegalovirus

36
Q

CPE - nucleomegaly

A

bigger nuclei inside cells

ex. cytomegalovirus

37
Q

CPE - enlargement

A

cells distinctly larger

ex. retrovirus

38
Q

CPE - rounding

A

cells go from flat to spherical

ex. influenza

39
Q

quorum sensing

A

bacteria “know” when each virulence factor should be released

Microbiology (6 decks)

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