Test #4 - phagocytosis & level 2 defenses

Question 1

lysosomes are pouches of?

Answer 1

acids, lysozyme, superoxide, digestive enzymes

Question 2

phagocytosis steps

Answer 2

1. WBC finds bacteria using taxis
2. pseudopods bind and surround particle (releases cytokines)
3. cells ingest particles into phagosome (pouch)
4. fusion of phagosome + lysosome = phagolysosome
5. digest material
6. undigested material leaves cell through exocytosis

Question 3

phagocytosis works best against

Answer 3

bacteria & fragments of dead cells

Question 4

antigens can be:

ex’s

Answer 4

any protein on a pathogen

bacteria -> cell wall or membrane, exoenzymes or toxins, capsules, glycoproteins, flagellar, fimbrae, pili

viral -> capsomeres, peplomeres, matrix proteins, enzymes

fungal/protozoa/worm -> cell surface proteins & enzymes

Question 5

abnormal “self” cells are

Answer 5

your own cells that are not behaving normally and must be destroyed to protect other cells

Question 6

what type of cells do natural killer cells (lymphocytes) kill?

Answer 6

eukaryotic cells

Question 7

How are cells that are to big to phagocytize killed?

Answer 7

natural killer cells

Question 8

How do natural killer cells kill?

Answer 8

perforin creates pore so granzyme can enter and cause apoptosis of cell

Question 9

natural killer cells work against

Answer 9

infected self cells, cancer cells, yeast, protozoa

Question 10

inflammation damages:

Answer 10

basophils and mast cells (cells under epidermis)

Question 11

inflammation causes release of? which causes?

Answer 11

releases: histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
causes: increased arteriole dilation & increased capillary permeability
- blood leaves vessels & increase in level 2 cells in tissue

Question 12

inflammation signs

rubor =
calor =
tumor =
dolor =

Answer 12

rubor = redness 
calor = heat
tumor = swelling 
dolor = pain

Question 13

complement activation is…

Answer 13

complement proteins are activated where they then split and combine with each other creating more enzymes

Question 14

complement proteins

• found in:
• activated by:

Answer 14

found: in blood

activated by: gr - wall endotoxins or capsules

Question 15

complement activation causes

Answer 15

opsonization
inflammation
membrane attack complex

Question 16

opsonization

Answer 16

enhances phagocytosis (makes it work better)

Question 17

membrane attack complex

Answer 17

combined complement proteins form a channel cell contents leak out (Lysis)

Question 18

complement activation works against

Answer 18

bacteria

Question 19

interferons

• released by …
• neighboring cells …
• causes
• affects

Answer 19

released: virally infected cells
- neighboring cells create anti-viral proteins (AVP) to protect themselves from becoming infected
- causes: virus to not get infected
- affects: virus