Test #4 - level 3 defenses Flashcards
what cells are involved in level 3 defenses
T-lymphocytes & B-lymphocytes
what are the lymphatic organs
spleen and nodes
what does MALT consist of?
mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue
- tonsils
- adenoids
- preyer’s patches
- appendix
class 1 MHC
- found on
- function
found on: all nucleated cells
function: self-recognition for abnormal cells (puts up “flag” to say something is wrong & needs apoptosis
class 2 MHC
- found on:
- function:
found on: antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes)
function: presenting antigen to immune cells
cell-mediated immunity
- first initiated (1-2 days)
- T-cell activation and cloning
- specific cytotoxic T-cells go throughout body
humoral (antibody-mediated immunity)
- delayed initiation (2-5days)
- B cell activation and cloning to plasma cells
- plasma cells release antibodies
- antibodies go throughout body
what cell releases antibodies
plasma cells
cytokines effects on APC and TcO
APC -> kill better/faster
TcO -> activates
The majority and minority of the clones from TcO cells are
majority -> Tc colones (Tcc) -> active now
minority -> Tm -> active later
after the 1st cell mediated attack/activation, Tm cells leave via ______ and go where?
leave via lymph vessels and lie dormant in the bloodstream or tissues
after the 1st cell mediated attack/activation, Th1 cells do?
they remain in lymph node to continue activation
once the threat is over, which cell-mediated immune cells die (short-lived) and which live forever?
die: cloned tc cells & Th1 cell
lives: memory T-cells
what happens in the 2nd exposure of cell-mediated immunity?
all of the previous steps that occured with the 1st exposure (1-2 days) then Tm cells are able to quickly activate Tc cells where they then release perforin and granzyme to kill the infected cell.
plasma cells begin producing antibodies _____ days in and produce _____ molecules per second
- 5 days
- 2000 molecules
how long do antibodies last
1-7 weeks
in humoral immunity which cells die (short-lived) and which live forever
die: plasma cells & TH2
live: Bm cells
immunoglobulins or gamma goblins are
antibodies
monomers are constructed with _____ long chains and _____ short chains
2 & 2
- bind to two antigens at a time
The two tips of the Y (antiodies) is called? which means?
fab (fractions which are antigen binding)
the base of the Y (antibodies) is called? meaning?
Fc (fraction which is crystalizable or constant)
igG antibodies
- %
- structure
- found
- special features/characteristics
- 80% (highest % in circulation)
- monomer (binds to 2 antigens)
- in blood, tissues
- crosses placenta to protect fetus
IgA
- %
- travels how
- functions as/structure
- found
- secreted in
- 10-15%
- travels how: monomers through blood
- functions as: aimer (bind to 4 antigens)
- found: in blood and tissue as monomers
- secreted in: tears, saliva, mucus, milk
IgE
- %
- structure
- found
- 5-10%
- pentamer (bind to 10 antigens)
- in blood ONLY
IgD
- %
- structure
- surfaces/characteristic
- <0.5%
- monomer
- B-cell surface (B-cell receptors)
during the first exposure - antibodies
B virgin (B naive) cells make plasma cells only: release _____ first, then _____
- IgM
- IgG
subsequent exposures - antibodies
B memory cells release _____ (large amounts) and _____ (both earlier)
(later) B virgins make plasma cells: release ______ then _______
- IgG
- IgM
- IgM
- IgG
antibody actions
aggultination opsonization natural killer activation complement activation neutralization oxidation
agglutination
- fab does
- works against
- fab binds to different antigen-bearing cells -> causing clumping
- works against: flagellar antigens of bacteria (paralyze) & bacteria, larger viruses
(clumps = bigger size =phagocytosis)
oppsonization
- fab
- fc
- works against
- fab ends of antibody bind to invaders’ antigens
- fc end of antibody binds to phagocytes surface (forces phagocytosis without need for taxis)
- works against: bacterial antigens on cell itself
natural killer activation (ADCC)
- fab
- fc
- works against
- fab ends of antibody bind to invaders’ antigen
- fc end of antibody binds to natural killer cell surface (direct cell abnormal cell killing, rather than random)
- works against: eukaryotic abnormal cells
complement activation
- fab
- fc
- start chain reaction causes
- works against
- fab ends of antibody bind to invaders’ antigen
- fc end of antibody binds to loose complement proteins (stimulates chain reaction if binding)
- chain reaction causes: opsonization, inflammation, MAC
- works against: bacteria
neutralization
- fab
- works against
- fab binds to antigens’ active sites, blocks them (prevents antigens from binding to host cell/tissues)
- works against: toxins, enzymes, viruses, bacterial adhesions
oxidation
- fab
- makes
- works against
- fab binds to invaders’ antigens
- H2O2 or O3 made in local
- works against: bacterial cells (most vulnerable to H2O2 and O3)
