Test #4 - allergies & vaccines

Question 1

allergy-producing antigens are

Answer 1

allergens

Question 2

allergies trigger production of ____ antibodies (in some people) which bind to

Answer 2

IgE

- fc portion of IgE binds to mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

Question 3

mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils contain granules of

Answer 3

histamine
leukotrienes
bradykinin
serotonin

Question 4

sensitization

Answer 4

leading up to first allergic reaction

- critical number of IgE found on mast cells, basophiles, and eosinophils -> means cell is “fully loaded”

Question 5

during allergic reaction

- allergen causes binds to _____ portion of cells and causes ______

Answer 5

• fab

- degranulation (release of chemicals within vesicles in cells)

Question 6

degranulation

Answer 6

release of granule chemicals which causes local or systemic symptoms

Question 7

effects of degranulation

Answer 7

• general inflamation
• smooth muscles contraction
• glandular secretion

Question 8

general inflammation from degranulation

Answer 8

capillaries dilate and become leaky (fluid into tissues)

causes: swelling & redness, hives, burning, itching

Question 9

smooth muscle contraction from degranulation

Answer 9

causes constriction of respiratory airways (shortness of breath) & cramping of GI tract (often also diarrhea)

Question 10

glandular secretion from degranulation

Answer 10

causes:

• mucus = runny nose
• tears = watery eyes
• digestive enzymes/acids

Question 11

why do we have allergies?

Answer 11

• expel antigen-bearing structures from body

Question 12

what is the hygiene hypothesis

Answer 12

• immune system never challenges w/ worms or protozoa antigens so you respond mistakenly to allergens

Question 13

what are risks associated with vaccines

Answer 13

encephalitis or allergic reaction

Question 14

whole-cell vaccines

• meaning
• and types

Answer 14

entire cell w/ all antigens present to give strong reaction

types: attenuated & killered or inactivated

Question 15

attenuated

• effectiveness
• risk

Answer 15

live

• multiple antigens = multiple types of memory cells
• reproduce in body to amplify response = highest # of memory cells
• risk: slight danger of infection or strong immune response

Question 16

killed or inactivated vaccines

• effectivness
• risk

Answer 16

• no reproduction cant cause disease but still multiple antigens
• risk: no danger of infection, but strong immune

Question 17

soluble antigens (subunits) 
= 
- effectivness 
- risk 
- adjuvants

Answer 17

• breaks antigens off and injected into our body
• response to only antigen injected
• response to soluble antigens maybe lower than cell-bound antigens (often booster)
• risk: no danger of infection or reaction
• adjuvants -> help boost response by “irritating” immune system or clumping antigen

Question 18

recombinant vaccines

• types

Answer 18

• created by genes for production of pathogens virulence factor antigen removed
• types: attenuated (pathogen), whole cell (non pathogen), soluble subunit

Question 19

attenuated (pathogen) - recombinant vaccines

Answer 19

safer

- live pathogen (can reproduce), multiple antigens but cant make virulence factor

Question 20

whole cell (non pathogen) - recombinant vaccines

Answer 20

• insert antigen gene (for harmless protein) into harmless cell or virus (no risk of infection)
• whole cell/viral vector = harmless cell or virus resproduces in bodt w/ antigen
• soluble subunits = harmless cell secretes soluble antigens in culture (safer to produce w/o pathogens)

Question 21

soluble subunits - recombinant vaccines

Answer 21

• cant reproduce (no risk)

Question 22

injection of nucleic acid: RNA/DNA/plasmid

Answer 22

(only covid-19 approved)

• your own cells produce antigens from pathogen genetic instructions (no risk of infection
• DNA vaccine: insert plasmids w/ antigen - producing gene (gene for harmless protein)
• RNA vaccines: insert antigen - producing mRNA sequences in lipid nanoparticles