Test #4 - allergies & vaccines Flashcards
allergy-producing antigens are
allergens
allergies trigger production of ____ antibodies (in some people) which bind to
IgE
- fc portion of IgE binds to mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils contain granules of
histamine
leukotrienes
bradykinin
serotonin
sensitization
leading up to first allergic reaction
- critical number of IgE found on mast cells, basophiles, and eosinophils -> means cell is “fully loaded”
during allergic reaction
- allergen causes binds to _____ portion of cells and causes ______
- fab
- degranulation (release of chemicals within vesicles in cells)
degranulation
release of granule chemicals which causes local or systemic symptoms
effects of degranulation
- general inflamation
- smooth muscles contraction
- glandular secretion
general inflammation from degranulation
capillaries dilate and become leaky (fluid into tissues)
causes: swelling & redness, hives, burning, itching
smooth muscle contraction from degranulation
causes constriction of respiratory airways (shortness of breath) & cramping of GI tract (often also diarrhea)
glandular secretion from degranulation
causes:
- mucus = runny nose
- tears = watery eyes
- digestive enzymes/acids
why do we have allergies?
- expel antigen-bearing structures from body
what is the hygiene hypothesis
- immune system never challenges w/ worms or protozoa antigens so you respond mistakenly to allergens
what are risks associated with vaccines
encephalitis or allergic reaction
whole-cell vaccines
- meaning
- and types
entire cell w/ all antigens present to give strong reaction
types: attenuated & killered or inactivated
attenuated
- effectiveness
- risk
live
- multiple antigens = multiple types of memory cells
- reproduce in body to amplify response = highest # of memory cells
- risk: slight danger of infection or strong immune response
killed or inactivated vaccines
- effectivness
- risk
- no reproduction cant cause disease but still multiple antigens
- risk: no danger of infection, but strong immune
soluble antigens (subunits) = - effectivness - risk - adjuvants
- breaks antigens off and injected into our body
- response to only antigen injected
- response to soluble antigens maybe lower than cell-bound antigens (often booster)
- risk: no danger of infection or reaction
- adjuvants -> help boost response by “irritating” immune system or clumping antigen
recombinant vaccines
- types
- created by genes for production of pathogens virulence factor antigen removed
- types: attenuated (pathogen), whole cell (non pathogen), soluble subunit
attenuated (pathogen) - recombinant vaccines
safer
- live pathogen (can reproduce), multiple antigens but cant make virulence factor
whole cell (non pathogen) - recombinant vaccines
- insert antigen gene (for harmless protein) into harmless cell or virus (no risk of infection)
- whole cell/viral vector = harmless cell or virus resproduces in bodt w/ antigen
- soluble subunits = harmless cell secretes soluble antigens in culture (safer to produce w/o pathogens)
soluble subunits - recombinant vaccines
- cant reproduce (no risk)
injection of nucleic acid: RNA/DNA/plasmid
(only covid-19 approved)
- your own cells produce antigens from pathogen genetic instructions (no risk of infection
- DNA vaccine: insert plasmids w/ antigen - producing gene (gene for harmless protein)
- RNA vaccines: insert antigen - producing mRNA sequences in lipid nanoparticles
