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biological psychology > topic 6 - stimulants and alcohol > Flashcards

topic 6 - stimulants and alcohol Flashcards

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1
Q

autoreceptors

A
  • type of negative feedback
  • if joined to the receptor it sends feedback to stop producing the neurotransmitter
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2
Q

re-uptake channel

A

takes dopamine from synapse back into presynaptic terminal to be packaged back into vesicles
- so it can be recycled so u don’t have to make as much dopamine
- clears the synapse

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3
Q

how does cocaine work in the synapse

A

blocks the re-uptake channel

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4
Q

cocaine long-term affects

A
  • because the re-uptake channel is blocked there is no recycling involved so less neurotransmitter - means you crash into depression after several hours
  • destroys nose
  • sexual dysfunction
  • tolerance for some of the ‘desired’ effects, such as euphoria, confidence
  • sensitisation for other effects such as convulsiveness, stereotyped behaviour, addictiveness
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5
Q

why does cocaine destroy ur nose

A

cocaine causes noradrenaline to stay around which constricts blood vessels which means no oxygen or nutrients to the nose so the tissue dies

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6
Q

cocaine addictiveness

A
  • direct effect on dopamine released in the N, Accumbens and prefrontal cortex
  • therefore direct activation of the ‘seeking’ and ‘reward’ pathway
  • strong ‘psychological’ addictiveness, much less physical addictiveness
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7
Q

how do amphetamines work on the synapse

A

they reverse the re-uptake channel so neurotransmitters are come out even when there are no action potentials

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8
Q

amphetamines long-term effect

A
  • halloucinations
  • delusions of persecution
  • mood disturbances
  • repetitive behaviours
  • extended use of ecstasy can kill dopaminergic and seretonergic neurons in the brain
  • strong potential for psychological addiction rather than physical for crystal meth and MDMA mostly
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9
Q

ritalin

A
  • acts similarly to cocaine by blocking the re-uptake transporter
  • release is much more gradual
  • does not have the same immediate effect as cocaine
  • effective treatment for ADHD
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10
Q

how does caffeine work

A
  • easily passes through blood-brain barrier
  • half life of 3.5-5 hours
  • lethal dose is 100 cups of coffee (10g of caffeine)
  • concentration peaks after 40 mins
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11
Q

caffieine side effects

A
  • insomnia
  • anxiety
  • change in mood
  • hypertension
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12
Q

caffeine physiological action

A
  • blocks adenosine receptors
  • stimulates adrenaline release from adrenal medulla
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13
Q

adenosine

A

biases the sleep wake flip flop to the sleep side

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14
Q

caffeine addiction

A

clear physical dependence
withdrawal symptoms include:
- headaches
- sleepiness
- irritability
- difficulty concentrating

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15
Q

nicotine

A

within 7 seconds, 25% of it has already entered the blood-brain barrier
- half life of 2 hours in the chronic smoker

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16
Q

nicotine short term effects

A
  • induces vomiting
  • reduces muscle tone
  • reduces weight gain
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • involved in both para-sympathetic and sympathetic nervous system but sympathetic takes the win
17
Q

nicotine long term effects

A
  • body easily develops tolerance
  • possibly wears out the heart more quickly
  • major problems are from other components of tobacco
18
Q

nicotine addictiveness

A
  • craving
  • irritability
  • increased appetite
  • insomnia
  • although controversial possibly the most addictive drug from a psychological type of view
19
Q

alcohol usage

A
  • reaches max blood concentration in 30-90 mins
  • easily crosses blood-brain barrier
  • mostly eliminated through the liver - breaks it down at steady rate.
20
Q

alcohol short term effect

A
  • dilates blood vessels
  • more urination
    low dose:
  • mild euphoria
  • lowers anxiety
    high dose:
  • slower reflexes
  • incoordination
  • sedation
  • memory problems
21
Q

alcohol physiological action

A

agonist of GABA-A receptors (increases effect)
- antagonist of NMDA receptors (blocks them) (NMDA involved in making new memories)

22
Q

alcohol long term effects

A
  • cirrhosis of liver (failure)
  • brain damage (especially hippocampus: Korsakoff’s syndrome)
  • foetal alcohol syndrome
23
Q

physical dependence

A
  • tolerance is induced even from one night drinking and results in mild withdrawal (hangover)
  • after chronic use, there are very strong withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens): this can be fatal.
24
Q

alcohol legal status

A
  • illegal to give to children under 5
  • 5-18 specific rules about buying alcohol and entering pubs
  • legal to buy and consume by anybody over 18
  • driving under influence can have heavy consequences

biological psychology (8 decks)

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