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Edexcel GCSE Biology > Topic 6- Plant Structures and their Functions > Flashcards

Topic 6- Plant Structures and their Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

In a food chain, consumers eat other organisms. What word is used to describe organisms that make their own food?

A

producers

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2
Q

What process do plants and algae use to make their own food?

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

In what sub-cellular part of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplast

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4
Q

What substance from the air do plants need for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What substance from the ground do plants need for photosynthesis?

A

water

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6
Q

What organs do plants use to get water from the ground?

A

roots

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7
Q

How are roots adapted to getting water from the ground quickly?

A

large surface area, root hair cells

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8
Q

What energy-storing compound is made in photosynthesis?

A

glucose

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9
Q

Suggest one use for glucose in a plant.

A

respiration, making other substances

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10
Q

In what sub-cellular part of a plant cell does respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

What product of photosynthesis is a gas at room temperature?

A

oxygen

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12
Q

Plants photosynthesise. Name one other group of organisms that photosynthesise.

A

algae or cyanobacteria

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13
Q

What reactant in photosynthesis is a gas at room temperature?

A

carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What are all the materials that make up an organism known as?

A

biomass

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15
Q

In what subcellular parts of plants does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

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16
Q

Where does all the energy originally come from in most food chains?

A

the Sun

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17
Q

What polymer inside chloroplasts is made from glucose?

A

starch

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18
Q

Name the main sugar that is transported around most plants.

A

sucrose

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19
Q

How are most leaves adapted to only allow gas exchange during the day?

A

stomata

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20
Q

What do we mean by the ‘rate’ of photosynthesis?

A

the speed of the reactions

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21
Q

What is a rate of reaction?

A

how fast a reaction happens

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22
Q

What do we call something that prevents a rate of reaction increasing?

A

limiting factor

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23
Q

If light intensity is a limiting factor, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when it is increased?

A

The rate increases.

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24
Q

When there is plenty of light and plenty of carbon dioxide, suggest one factor that could be limiting.

A

temperature or water

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25
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as a plant is moved further away from a light source?

A

It decreases.

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26
Q

What relationship is shown by a straight line through the points on a scatter graph?

A

linear relationship

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27
Q

What sort of linear relationship is shown by a straight line through the origin?

A

direct proportion

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28
Q

By what law does light intensity vary with distance?

A

inverse square law

29
Q

What is light intensity inversely proportional to?

A

distance squared

30
Q

What happens to plants if they do not get enough water to fill their cells?

A

They wilt.

31
Q

What term is used to describe the amount of a substance in a certain unit volume?

A

concentration

32
Q

What term is used to describe the overall movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration?

A

diffusion

33
Q

What term is used to describe the overall movement of solvent particles from higher concentration to lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane?

A

osmosis

34
Q

What is the gradual change in concentration from one place to another called?

A

concentration gradient

35
Q

What process do cells use to transport substances against their concentration gradient?

A

active transport

36
Q

What adaptation do some root cells have in order to increase the amount of water they can absorb?

A

root hairs

37
Q

Why do cells that use active transport often have a lot of mitochondria?

A

Active transport needs a lot of energy.

38
Q

What do plants need nitrate ions for?

A

making proteins

39
Q

Through what vessels is water moved up a plant?

A

xylem vessels

40
Q

Through what tissue are sugars transported around a plant?

A

phloem tissue

41
Q

What is the flow of water through a plant called?

A

transpiration

42
Q

In what vessels does water flow?

A

xylem vessels

43
Q

In what vessels are dissolved mineral ions carried?

A

xylem vessels

44
Q

Give one other function of xylem vessels.

A

supporting the plant

45
Q

What tissue is used for translocation?

A

phloem

46
Q

Give the names of the two most common cells in phloem tissue.

A

sieve tubes and companion cells

47
Q

Why do companion cells contain many mitochondria?

A

because they actively pump sucrose in and out of sieve tubes

48
Q

If the humidity of the air around a plant is reduced, what happens to the rate of transpiration?

A

it increases

49
Q

Which cells create the air spaces inside a leaf?

A

spongy cells

50
Q

What term describes trees that lose their leaves in winter?

A

deciduous

51
Q

In which tissue of a plant leaf does most photosynthesis occur?

A

palisade

52
Q

Which tissue in a plant leaf consists of irregularly shaped cells that create air spaces?

A

sponge

53
Q

Give one function of cuticle.

A

to prevent microorganisms entering/to prevent water entering/to reduce evaporation of water

54
Q

What cells control the opening and closing of stomata?

A

guard cells

55
Q

Explain why conifer trees have their stomata in pits.

A

to trap water vapour and reduce water loss

56
Q

What word describes trees that lose their leaves in winter?

A

deciduous

57
Q

Why do deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter?

A

to prevent water loss when water in the ground may not be available because it is frozen

58
Q

Why is it an advantage for a plant root to grow downwards?

A

to anchor the plant/to reach water

59
Q

Why is it an advantage for a plant shoot to grow towards the light?

A

to get energy for photosynthesis

60
Q

What is a growth in response to a stimulus called?

A

tropism

61
Q

What is a growth in response to the stimulus of light called?

A

photosynthesis

62
Q

What is a growth away from light called?

A

negative phototropism

63
Q

Name a part of a plant that shows negative phototropism.

A

root

64
Q

What plant hormones cause phototropism?

A

auxins

65
Q

What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant shoot?

A

cause them to elongate

66
Q

What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant root?

A

stop them elongating

67
Q

Name the growth response of a root in the direction of gravity.

A

positive gravitropism

68
Q

Name the group of plant hormones that are used to help seeds germinate.

A

gibberellins

69
Q

Name the plant hormone that is a gas and is used to ripen fruit.

A

ethene

Edexcel GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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