Topic 5- Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Question 1

Which cell structure is found in plant and animal cells but not in bacterial cells?

Answer 1

nucleus

Question 2

Give one example of a disease that can be caught from another person.

Answer 2

any communicable/infectious disease, e.g. flu or a cold

Question 3

Give an example of a disease that is not passed from person to person.

Answer 3

any non-communicable disease, e.g. cancer, diabetes

Question 4

Name a type of organism that can cause disease.

Answer 4

any one from: bacterium, virus, protist, fungus

Question 5

Suggest one way in which infectious diseases are spread.

Answer 5

any suitable method, e.g. by sneezing, in air, in water, by touching faeces

Question 6

What might a doctor give to someone who has a bacterial disease?

Answer 6

antibiotic

Question 7

Give one symptom of flu.

Answer 7

any one from: high temperature/fever, aches, runny nose, sore throat

Question 8

What does the immune system do?

Answer 8

protect against infection

Question 9

Which term describes bacteria that are not harmed by an antibiotic?

Answer 9

antibiotic resistant

Question 10

Describe one thing you can do to stay healthy.

Answer 10

any suitable answer such as: avoid infection, get regular exercise, eat a good diet, avoid stress

Question 11

Is alcoholic liver cirrhosis a communicable or non-communicable disease?

Answer 11

non-communicable

Question 12

Which type of disease is passed from parent to offspring in their genes?

Answer 12

genetic disease

Question 13

What causes malnutrition?

Answer 13

a poor diet/diet without the right balance of nutrients

Question 14

What causes a deficiency disease?

Answer 14

not getting enough of a nutrient from food

Question 15

Give one example of a deficiency disease.

Answer 15

any suitable answer such as anaemia, kwashiorkor, scurvy

Question 16

Give an example of a lifestyle factor that is linked to disease.

Answer 16

any suitable answer such as diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption

Question 17

If the amount of alcohol a person drinks increases, how will their risk of liver disease change?

Answer 17

increase

Question 18

What is the function of the liver that makes it particularly likely to be damaged by alcohol?

Answer 18

It breaks down toxic substances including alcohol.

Question 19

Describe one problem that alcohol consumption causes for society.

Answer 19

any suitable answer such as cost of treating people with liver disease, loss of working days, increased risk of deaths by drink driving

Question 20

What is cardiovascular disease?

Answer 20

disease of the heart and/or circulatory system

Question 21

Is cardiovascular disease communicable or non-communicable?

Answer 21

non-communicable

Question 22

Name two ways of measuring obesity.

Answer 22

BMI and waist : hip ratio

Question 23

How does diet affect obesity?

Answer 23

Eating too much increases mass/obesity.

Question 24

How does exercise affect obesity?

Answer 24

More exercise can decrease obesity.

Question 25

How is obesity correlated with cardiovascular disease?

Answer 25

Increasing obesity increases the risk of disease.

Question 26

How is smoking tobacco correlated with cardiovascular disease?

Answer 26

The more a person smokes, the greater the person's risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 27

Name two different types of treatment for cardiovascular disease.

Answer 27

any two from: bypass surgery or stent as to prevent blood clots or reduce blood pressure; lifestyle changes smoking, increasing exercise or changing diet

Question 28

What is a pathogen?

Answer 28

a microorganism that causes disease in/harms the body

Question 29

Are diseases caused by pathogens communicable or non-communicable?

Answer 29

communicable

Question 30

Which type of pathogen is HIV?

Answer 30

virus

Question 31

Which type of pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 31

protist

Question 32

Which species is affected by cholera dieback?

Answer 32

ash trees

Question 33

Which type of pathogen causes cholera?

Answer 33

bacterium

Question 34

Which organ does tuberculosis damage?

Answer 34

lungs

Question 35

Which pathogen causes haemorrhagic fever?

Answer 35

Ebola virus

Question 36

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 36

damage to blood and liver, fever

Question 37

What are the symptoms of infection by Helicobacter?

Answer 37

stomach ulcers

Question 38

How can the spread of cholera dieback be reduced or prevented?

Answer 38

by destroying infected wood

Question 39

Why does killing mosquitoes help prevent malaria?

Answer 39

It stops the malaria pathogen being spread.

Question 40

Which type of pathogen can cause stomach ulcers?

Answer 40

bacterium, Helicobacter

Question 41

Which type of pathogen causes Ebola?

Answer 41

virus

Question 42

How is Ebola spread?

Answer 42

contact with infected body fluids

Question 43

How can the spread of cholera be reduced or prevented?

Answer 43

avoid drinking infected water/boil or treat water to kill the cholera pathogen

Question 44

How could the spread of tuberculosis be reduced or prevented?

Answer 44

by isolating infected people

Question 45

Which term is used for organisms that spread disease from one host to another?

Answer 45

vector

Question 46

Which organism carries the pathogen that causes malaria from one host to another?

Answer 46

mosquito

Question 47

How does the malarial pathogen get into its host?

Answer 47

mosquito sucks human blood

Question 48

Name one part of a bacterium that is not found in virus particles.

Answer 48

cell surface membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm, etc.

Question 49

How do viruses replicate?

Answer 49

take over replication processes in cells

Question 50

Name one symptom of disease that the medicine aspirin is used to relieve.

Answer 50

any one suitable, e.g. reduce fever, soothe aches, painkiller

Question 51

Which barrier to infection covers the body?

Answer 51

skin

Question 52

Why does that barrier protect against infection?

Answer 52

thick/difficult for pathogens to get through

Question 53

How are trapped pathogens moved out of the lungs?

Answer 53

movement of cilia

Question 54

How does the chemical defence in the stomach help to protect against infection?

Answer 54

It is highly acidic, which kills many pathogens.

Question 55

Which chemical defence against infection is found in tears and saliva?

Answer 55

lysozyme

Question 56

How does this chemical defence protect against infection?

Answer 56

The enzyme breaks down bacterial cell walls.

Question 57

How are Chlamydia and HIV transmitted?

Answer 57

sexually transmitted infections/STIs

Question 58

Explain one way that the spread of Chlamydia or HIV could be reduced or prevented.

Answer 58

any answer that indicates prevention of contact with sexual fluids, or infected breast milk to a baby

Question 59

Which type of blood cell is important in the immune response?

Answer 59

white blood cell/lymphocyte

Question 60

What name is given to the molecules on pathogens that the immune system responds to?

Answer 60

antigen

Question 61

Which cells are left in the blood after an infection has been cleared?

Answer 61

memory lymphocytes

Question 62

What is the function of the cells left in the blood after infection?

Answer 62

to protect against further infection by the same pathogen

Question 63

Does immunity to one pathogen make you immune to other pathogens?

Answer 63

no [usually]

Question 64

Give two ways that a secondary response differs from a primary response to an infection.

Answer 64

faster and much larger production of antibodies

Question 65

Which name is given to the inactive form of a pathogen used in immunisation?

Answer 65

vaccine

Question 66

Why are people immunised against diseases?

Answer 66

to stop them being ill if they are infected with particular pathogens

Question 67

Which medicines are used to treat infections caused by bacteria?

Answer 67

antibiotics

Question 68

When possible new medicines are being developed, what are they tested on in the first stage of testing?

Answer 68

cell/tissue cultures

Question 69

Why can antibiotics help to cure bacterial infections?

Answer 69

they kill bacteria/inhibit bacterial growth

Question 70

Why don’t antibiotics have the same effect on human cells as they have on bacteria?

Answer 70

different structure/processes

Question 71

Why can antibiotics not be used against viral infections?

Answer 71

viruses have no cell processes

Question 72

Name one type of white blood cell that attacks bacteria.

Answer 72

lymphocyte/phagocyte

Question 73

Given one reason why new medicines are first tested on cell or tissue cultures.

Answer 73

any one from: to make sure they are safe/get into cells/help diseased cells get better

Question 74

Which type of organism are the clinical stages of testing carried out on?

Answer 74

humans/people