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chemistry > topic 6- organic chemistry > Flashcards

topic 6- organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the prefixes

A

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

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2
Q

what is the molecular formula

A

shows the number of each element
eg C2H6

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3
Q

what is the skeletal formula

A

shows only c-c bonds and functional groups
eg /\/ 4 carbons

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4
Q

what is structural formula

A

shows which atom or groups are joined together
e..g CH3CH2CH3

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5
Q

what is displayed formula

A

shows every bond and atom in a molecule

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6
Q

alkanes

A

single bond
CnH2n+2

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7
Q

alkenes

A

double bond
CnH2n

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8
Q

dihalogenoalkane

A

CnH2n+2X(halogen)
e.g 2-bromobutane

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9
Q

alcohol

A

CnH2n+2OH
e.g ethanol

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10
Q

structual isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structual formula

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11
Q

chain isomers

A

different carbon chains

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12
Q

position isomers

A

same functional group in different position in same chain
eg propan-1-ol propan-2-ol

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13
Q

what is a homologous series

A

set of compounds with the same functional group and general formula

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14
Q

how do you name a compound

A

no of carbon atoms - prefix/suffix
functional groups (di if two tri if 3 ect)
position of group (smallest possible)

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15
Q

sterioisomers

A

same molecular formula and structual but a different arangment of atoms in space

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16
Q

cis trans isomers

A

cis- on one side- both on top or bottom of bond
trans- across - aross from each other in double bond
doesn’t use priority

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17
Q

how does e-z work

A

work out which atom on the left has the highest priority (highest atomic number)
do same for right hand side
then dedicde if these are cis (z) or trans (e)

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18
Q

complete combustion

A

CH3 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O then equalise
issues are water vapour and carbon dioxide which are greenhouse gasses

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19
Q

incomplete combustion

A

CH3 + O2 –> C + CO + H2O
forms solid carbon
and carbon monoxie which is very dangerous
this happens when there isnt enough oxygen

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20
Q

dangers of crude oil

A

sulphur oxides
nitrogen oxides
form acid rain

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21
Q

catalytic converters

A

use precious metals
spread over honeycomb mesh
reactions happen to get rid of the harmful gasses
not very good at removing sulphur compounds

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22
Q

biodiesel

A

made from vegetable oil such as those from sunflowers

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23
Q

bioalcohols

A

made by the fermention of sugars
then seperated from the water to make energy

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24
Q

chlorination of methane
step 1

A

initiation
homolytic fission occurs meaning breaking down the chlorine and the two atoms get the same amount of electrons
uv light breaks it down
Cl2 –> Cl* + Cl*
a free radical is made (species with unpaired electrons)

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25
Q

chlorination of methane
step 2

A

propergation
free radicals are very reactive and when they collide with methane they remove a hydrogen atom
Cl* + CH4 –> HCl + CH3*
CH3* is also very reactive so reacts with chlorine
CH3* + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl*

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26
Q

chlorination of methane last step

A

termination
when radicals colide they form a molecule as the two unpaired form a covalent bond
three options
Cl* + Cl* –> Cl2
Cl* + CH3 –> CH3Cl
CH3* + CH3* –> C2H6

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27
Q

double bond

A

two pie bonds around a sigma bond
which is stronger because there is a good overlap of s orbitals in sigma bonds wheres bad overlap of p orbitals

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28
Q

what is hydrogenation

A

hydrogen is added to a alkene
result is an alkane
eg
C2H4 + H2 –> C2H6
need a nickel catalyst
used to make margarine

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29
Q

what happens in addition reactions

A

the pi bond electrons are used to form new bonds with an attacking molecule

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30
Q

how do you test for an alkene

A

bubble through bromine water and if double bond is present bromine becomes colourless from orange

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31
Q

what is halogenation

A

halogen is added to an alkene
forms a dihalegenoalkane
C2H4 + Br2 –> C2H4Br2

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32
Q

what is hydration

A

reaction of an alkene with water to make an alcohol
C2H4 + H2O –> C2H5OH
300* 60 atmp
phosphoric acid catalyst

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33
Q

what is addition of hydrogen halides

A

alkene to halogenoalkane
C2H4 + HBr —> C2H5Br

34
Q

what is oxidation to diols

A

both addition and reduction
diol- compound containing two oh groups
CH2=CH2 + H20 + [O] –> CH2OHCH2OH
[] is the oxidising agent which is potassium maganate (vii)

35
Q

mechanism for addition of alkenes

A

electrophilic addition
step 1
bromine comes close and induces a dipole - closest to alkene is positive
step 2
curly arrow from double bond to positive then positive to negative
hetrolytic fission and br- is a elecrtophyle
step 3
positive joins now alkane and negative has lone pair which have curly arrow to positive charge on alkane
step 4
negative joins to alkane at the member of the past double bonded which is bonded to the most carbons
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/eladd/symbr2.html

36
Q

electrophile

A

speices attracted to a region of high electron density
attracted to electrons

37
Q

electrophilic adition

A

reaction in which two molecules form one and the attacking is an electrophile

38
Q

equation for polmerisation reactions

A

n monomer –> [repeating unit with covaltent bonds on each side] n

nH2C=CH2 → [―CH2CH2―]n

double bonds just single line

39
Q

solutions to polymer waste

A

-recycling
-incineration
- chemical feedstock

40
Q

recycling

A

converting to other materials
first stage - sorting
many types of polymer and cannot be processed together
much is done by hand which is inefficent
can use identifaction codes
second stage - processing
chopping into small pieces and washing it
then used to make new materials

41
Q

inceneration

A

most of the products are hydogen and carbon
can be used as fuels
converts it to heat energy which can be used to heat homes or generate electricity
mostly gaseous products which can be harmfull to enviroment
e.g chlorine or heavy metals

42
Q

chemical feedstock

A

similar to cracking
breaks down into gasses
feedstock that can be used in other chemical reactions

43
Q

biodegradable polymers

A

polymers that will be broken down by microbes in the enviroment
used on a small scale in medicine
-often made from plant material so need land to grow
-cannot recycle, incinerate or use as chemical feedstock

44
Q

halogenoalkanes

A

series of compounds with general formula CnH2n+1X,
x is a halogen
contain a dipole as halogen is more electronegative 𝛿− or 𝛿+.

45
Q

halogenoalkanes pst?

A

the C they are attached to is attached to __ other c’s
primary-1
secondary-2
tertiary-3

46
Q

neucleophiles

A

species attracted to areas of low electron density (postive)
use a lone pair of electrons
negative

47
Q

halogenoalkane hydrolysis reaction

A

reaction 1
they react with water
RX + H2O –> ROH + HX
or
RX + H2O –> ROH + H+ + X-
ROH - alchohol
both colourless liquids

48
Q

rates of hydrolysis of halogens experiment

A

add ethanol (as a solvent to make sure the substances disolve)
add silver nitrate solution
controll variables- temp + concentration + vol
add halogenoalkane
time how long precipitate forms

49
Q

rates of hydrolysis of halogens results

A

reactivity increases down group (iodo fastest)
because c-i bond is the weakest so takes least energy to break
tertiary are quickest

50
Q

halogenoalkane substitution reactions

A

1- RX–>ROH
-H2O/warm
2- RX–>ROH
-KOH/heat under reflux
3- RX –>RCN
KCN/heat under reflux
4- RX –> RNH2
NH3/ heat in a sealed tube

51
Q

halogenoalkane substitution reaction 2
aqueous potassium hydroxide

A

-heat with aqueous potasium hydroxide
-forms alcohol
attacking nucleophille is OH-
eg
CH3CH2CH2Cl + KOH –> CH3CH2CH2OH + KCL

52
Q

mechanism for reaction 2

A
53
Q

halogenoalkane substitution reaction 3
potasium cynanide

A

forms nitriles
heat under reflux
nucleophile is CN-
CH3CH2Br + KCN –> CH3CH2CN + KBr
or
CH3CH2Br + CN –> CH3CH2CN + Br-
extends the carbon chain

54
Q

halogenoalkane substitution reaction 4
ammonia

A

sealed tube -ammonia gas would escape
forms primary amine
nuclophile is NH3
two equations as first step only forms a salt so ammonia is used in access
CH3CH2CH2CH2I + NH3 –> CH3CH2CH2CH2NH3+ + I-
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH3+I- + NH3 –> CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2+ + NH4+I-
then these can be combined to form
CH3CH2CH2CH2I + 2NH3 –> CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 + NH4+I-

55
Q

mechanism for reaction 4

A
56
Q

combustion of alcohols

A

co2 and h2o formed
e.g
C2H5OH + 3O2 –> 2CO2 + 3H2O

57
Q

conversion of alcohols to halogenoalkanes

A

replace the hydroxl group with a halogen atom
-halogenation
-different method for each halogen

58
Q

chlorination

A

use phosphorus chloride (white solid) PCl5
no heat needed
2 inorganic products
-phosphorus oxychloride
-hydrogen chloride
+ C3H7CL
for tertary you can shake with hcl at room temp
(CH3)3CCl (l)+ H2O

59
Q

bromination

A

use potassium bromide and 50% sulfuric acid
warmed with the alcohol
better to write two equations as inorganic reagents form hydrogen bromide for the main reaction
KBr + H2SO4 –> KHSO4 + HBr
or
2KBr +H2SO4 –> K2SO4 + 2HBr
other inorganic product is potassium hydrogensulfate or potassium sulfate
C4H9OH + HBr –> C4H92Br + H2O

60
Q

iodination

A

red phosphorus and iodine
heated under reflux with alcohol
two equations inorganic form phosphorus iodide for main reaction
2P + 3I2 –> 2PI3
3C2H5OH + PI3 –> 3C2H5I + H3PO3
forms phosphorus acid

61
Q

dehydration of alcohols to alkenes

A

heating with concentrated phosphoric acid
OH and H removed and C=C formed
water is only inorganic product

62
Q

what is heating under reflux?

A

you use a condenser so any gaseous products are condensed and put back as liquid into the reaction

63
Q

what happens when alcohols are oxidised

A

hydrogen of oh is removed and a hydrogen from the other side of the same carbon molecule
double bond C=O

64
Q

keytone

A

a keytone is formed when a secondary alcohol is oxidised ( tertiary cannot be oxidised)
homologous group
RCOR
e.g propanONE

65
Q

aldehyde

A

forms when a primary alcohol is oxidised
homologous group
RCHO
e.g ethanaAL
more easily oxidised than alcohols
leads to a gain of oxygen atom
goes between c and h of the CHO group
forms a carboxylic acid - RCOOH

66
Q

oxidiation reagent

A

mix of pottassium dichromate and dilute sulfuric acid
use [O] to represent oxidation agent
colour change from orange to green

67
Q

how do you test for purity

A

measure its boling temperature
impurities rasie boiling temperature

68
Q

alkane with alcohol

A

conc hcl
co2 given off
H+ reacts with hydrogencarbonate

69
Q

drying agent

A

anhydrous -
Calcium chloride
magnesium sulphate
sodium sulphate

70
Q

temp range

A

one above and below melting/boiling

71
Q

distilation apparatus problems

A

thermomiter at tube height - wrong temp
not enough ice - quicker condensation
gap between tube and collection
anti bumping granuals
water in bottom

72
Q

Esther

A

c= o
|
o
double and single bond o
then c attached to single bonded o and chain continues

73
Q

how are oxides formed in fossil fuels combustion

A

sulphur compounds react with oxygen
nitrogen reacts with oxygen in air
2NO + 2CO –> N2 + 2CO2

74
Q

branched isomers

A

lower boiking temp
lower surface area
intermolecular forces are weaker
tertiary is most branched

75
Q

signma bonds

A

single bonds

76
Q

pi bonds

A

double bonds

77
Q

hydrocarbond

A

compound with hydrogen and carbon only

78
Q

catayltic converter process

A

adsorbtion of gasses to catalytic surface
weakening of bonds on catalytic surface
deabsorbition of products from catalytic surface

79
Q

intermediate for reaction two

A
80
Q

is phenol more reactive than benzene

A

lone pair on oxygen donated to ring
increases electron density
more susceptible to electrophilic attack

81
Q
A

chemistry (25 decks)

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