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chemistry > topic 6- organic chemistry > Flashcards

topic 6- organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the prefixes

A

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

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2
Q

what is the molecular formula

A

shows the number of each element
eg C2H6

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3
Q

what is the skeletal formula

A

shows only c-c bonds and functional groups
eg /\/ 4 carbons

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4
Q

what is structural formula

A

shows which atom or groups are joined together
e..g CH3CH2CH3

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5
Q

what is displayed formula

A

shows every bond and atom in a molecule

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6
Q

alkanes

A

single bond
CnH2n+2

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7
Q

alkenes

A

double bond
CnH2n

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8
Q

dihalogenoalkane

A

CnH2n+2X(halogen)
e.g 2-bromobutane

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9
Q

alcohol

A

CnH2n+2OH
e.g ethanol

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10
Q

structual isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structual formula

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11
Q

chain isomers

A

different carbon chains

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12
Q

position isomers

A

same functional group in different position in same chain
eg propan-1-ol propan-2-ol

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13
Q

what is a homologous series

A

set of compounds with the same functional group and general formula

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14
Q

how do you name a compound

A

no of carbon atoms - prefix/suffix
functional groups (di if two tri if 3 ect)
position of group (smallest possible)

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15
Q

sterioisomers

A

same molecular formula and structual but a different arangment of atoms in space

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16
Q

cis trans isomers

A

cis- on one side- both on top or bottom of bond
trans- across - aross from each other in double bond
doesn’t use priority

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17
Q

how does e-z work

A

work out which atom on the left has the highest priority (highest atomic number)
do same for right hand side
then dedicde if these are cis (z) or trans (e)

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18
Q

complete combustion

A

CH3 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O then equalise
issues are water vapour and carbon dioxide which are greenhouse gasses

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19
Q

incomplete combustion

A

CH3 + O2 –> C + CO + H2O
forms solid carbon
and carbon monoxie which is very dangerous
this happens when there isnt enough oxygen

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20
Q

dangers of crude oil

A

sulphur oxides
nitrogen oxides
form acid rain

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21
Q

catalytic converters

A

use precious metals
spread over honeycomb mesh
reactions happen to get rid of the harmful gasses
not very good at removing sulphur compounds

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22
Q

biodiesel

A

made from vegetable oil such as those from sunflowers

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23
Q

bioalcohols

A

made by the fermention of sugars
then seperated from the water to make energy

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24
Q

chlorination of methane
step 1

A

initiation
homolytic fission occurs meaning breaking down the chlorine and the two atoms get the same amount of electrons
uv light breaks it down
Cl2 –> Cl* + Cl*
a free radical is made (species with unpaired electrons)

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25
chlorination of methane step 2
propergation free radicals are very reactive and when they collide with methane they remove a hydrogen atom Cl* + CH4 --> HCl + CH3* CH3* is also very reactive so reacts with chlorine CH3* + Cl2 --> CH3Cl + Cl*
26
chlorination of methane last step
termination when radicals colide they form a molecule as the two unpaired form a covalent bond three options Cl* + Cl* --> Cl2 Cl* + CH3 --> CH3Cl CH3* + CH3* --> C2H6
27
double bond
two pie bonds around a sigma bond which is stronger because there is a good overlap of s orbitals in sigma bonds wheres bad overlap of p orbitals
28
what is hydrogenation
hydrogen is added to a alkene result is an alkane eg C2H4 + H2 --> C2H6 need a nickel catalyst used to make margarine
29
what happens in addition reactions
the pi bond electrons are used to form new bonds with an attacking molecule
30
how do you test for an alkene
bubble through bromine water and if double bond is present bromine becomes colourless from orange
31
what is halogenation
halogen is added to an alkene forms a dihalegenoalkane C2H4 + Br2 --> C2H4Br2
32
what is hydration
reaction of an alkene with water to make an alcohol C2H4 + H2O --> C2H5OH 300* 60 atmp phosphoric acid catalyst
33
what is addition of hydrogen halides
alkene to halogenoalkane C2H4 + HBr ---> C2H5Br
34
what is oxidation to diols
both addition and reduction diol- compound containing two oh groups CH2=CH2 + H20 + [O] --> CH2OHCH2OH [] is the oxidising agent which is potassium maganate (vii)
35
mechanism for addition of alkenes
electrophilic addition step 1 bromine comes close and induces a dipole - closest to alkene is positive step 2 curly arrow from double bond to positive then positive to negative hetrolytic fission and br- is a elecrtophyle step 3 positive joins now alkane and negative has lone pair which have curly arrow to positive charge on alkane step 4 negative joins to alkane at the member of the past double bonded which is bonded to the most carbons https://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/eladd/symbr2.html
36
electrophile
speices attracted to a region of high electron density attracted to electrons
37
electrophilic adition
reaction in which two molecules form one and the attacking is an electrophile
38
equation for polmerisation reactions
n monomer --> [repeating unit with covaltent bonds on each side] n nH2C=CH2 → [―CH2CH2―]n double bonds just single line
39
solutions to polymer waste
-recycling -incineration - chemical feedstock
40
recycling
converting to other materials first stage - sorting many types of polymer and cannot be processed together much is done by hand which is inefficent can use identifaction codes second stage - processing chopping into small pieces and washing it then used to make new materials
41
inceneration
most of the products are hydogen and carbon can be used as fuels converts it to heat energy which can be used to heat homes or generate electricity mostly gaseous products which can be harmfull to enviroment e.g chlorine or heavy metals
42
chemical feedstock
similar to cracking breaks down into gasses feedstock that can be used in other chemical reactions
43
biodegradable polymers
polymers that will be broken down by microbes in the enviroment used on a small scale in medicine -often made from plant material so need land to grow -cannot recycle, incinerate or use as chemical feedstock
44
halogenoalkanes
series of compounds with general formula CnH2n+1X, x is a halogen contain a dipole as halogen is more electronegative 𝛿− or 𝛿+.
45
halogenoalkanes pst?
the C they are attached to is attached to __ other c's primary-1 secondary-2 tertiary-3
46
neucleophiles
species attracted to areas of low electron density (postive) use a lone pair of electrons negative
47
halogenoalkane hydrolysis reaction
reaction 1 they react with water RX + H2O --> ROH + HX or RX + H2O --> ROH + H+ + X- ROH - alchohol both colourless liquids
48
rates of hydrolysis of halogens experiment
add ethanol (as a solvent to make sure the substances disolve) add silver nitrate solution controll variables- temp + concentration + vol add halogenoalkane time how long precipitate forms
49
rates of hydrolysis of halogens results
reactivity increases down group (iodo fastest) because c-i bond is the weakest so takes least energy to break tertiary are quickest
50
halogenoalkane substitution reactions
1- RX-->ROH -H2O/warm 2- RX-->ROH -KOH/heat under reflux 3- RX -->RCN KCN/heat under reflux 4- RX --> RNH2 NH3/ heat in a sealed tube
51
halogenoalkane substitution reaction 2 aqueous potassium hydroxide
-heat with aqueous potasium hydroxide -forms alcohol attacking nucleophille is OH- eg CH3CH2CH2Cl + KOH --> CH3CH2CH2OH + KCL
52
mechanism for reaction 2
53
halogenoalkane substitution reaction 3 potasium cynanide
forms nitriles heat under reflux nucleophile is CN- CH3CH2Br + KCN --> CH3CH2CN + KBr or CH3CH2Br + CN --> CH3CH2CN + Br- extends the carbon chain
54
halogenoalkane substitution reaction 4 ammonia
sealed tube -ammonia gas would escape forms primary amine nuclophile is NH3 two equations as first step only forms a salt so ammonia is used in access CH3CH2CH2CH2I + NH3 --> CH3CH2CH2CH2NH3+ + I- CH3CH2CH2CH2NH3+I- + NH3 --> CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2+ + NH4+I- then these can be combined to form CH3CH2CH2CH2I + 2NH3 --> CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 + NH4+I-
55
mechanism for reaction 4
56
combustion of alcohols
co2 and h2o formed e.g C2H5OH + 3O2 --> 2CO2 + 3H2O
57
conversion of alcohols to halogenoalkanes
replace the hydroxl group with a halogen atom -halogenation -different method for each halogen
58
chlorination
use phosphorus chloride (white solid) PCl5 no heat needed 2 inorganic products -phosphorus oxychloride -hydrogen chloride + C3H7CL for tertary you can shake with hcl at room temp (CH3)3CCl (l)+ H2O
59
bromination
use potassium bromide and 50% sulfuric acid warmed with the alcohol better to write two equations as inorganic reagents form hydrogen bromide for the main reaction KBr + H2SO4 --> KHSO4 + HBr or 2KBr +H2SO4 --> K2SO4 + 2HBr other inorganic product is potassium hydrogensulfate or potassium sulfate C4H9OH + HBr --> C4H92Br + H2O
60
iodination
red phosphorus and iodine heated under reflux with alcohol two equations inorganic form phosphorus iodide for main reaction 2P + 3I2 --> 2PI3 3C2H5OH + PI3 --> 3C2H5I + H3PO3 forms phosphorus acid
61
dehydration of alcohols to alkenes
heating with concentrated phosphoric acid OH and H removed and C=C formed water is only inorganic product
62
what is heating under reflux?
you use a condenser so any gaseous products are condensed and put back as liquid into the reaction
63
what happens when alcohols are oxidised
hydrogen of oh is removed and a hydrogen from the other side of the same carbon molecule double bond C=O
64
keytone
a keytone is formed when a secondary alcohol is oxidised ( tertiary cannot be oxidised) homologous group RCOR e.g propanONE
65
aldehyde
forms when a primary alcohol is oxidised homologous group RCHO e.g ethanaAL more easily oxidised than alcohols leads to a gain of oxygen atom goes between c and h of the CHO group forms a carboxylic acid - RCOOH
66
oxidiation reagent
mix of pottassium dichromate and dilute sulfuric acid use [O] to represent oxidation agent colour change from orange to green
67
how do you test for purity
measure its boling temperature impurities rasie boiling temperature
68
alkane with alcohol
conc hcl co2 given off H+ reacts with hydrogencarbonate
69
drying agent
anhydrous - Calcium chloride magnesium sulphate sodium sulphate
70
temp range
one above and below melting/boiling
71
distilation apparatus problems
thermomiter at tube height - wrong temp not enough ice - quicker condensation gap between tube and collection anti bumping granuals water in bottom
72
Esther
c= o | o double and single bond o then c attached to single bonded o and chain continues
73
how are oxides formed in fossil fuels combustion
sulphur compounds react with oxygen nitrogen reacts with oxygen in air 2NO + 2CO --> N2 + 2CO2
74
branched isomers
lower boiking temp lower surface area intermolecular forces are weaker tertiary is most branched
75
signma bonds
single bonds
76
pi bonds
double bonds
77
hydrocarbond
compound with hydrogen and carbon only
78
catayltic converter process
adsorbtion of gasses to catalytic surface weakening of bonds on catalytic surface deabsorbition of products from catalytic surface
79
intermediate for reaction two
80
is phenol more reactive than benzene
lone pair on oxygen donated to ring increases electron density more susceptible to electrophilic attack
81

chemistry (25 decks)

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