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reaction of functional groups Flashcards

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1
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid
e,g ethanal to lactic acid
CH3CH(OH)COOH - lactic

A

1
-nucleophillic addition
-HCN + KCN
CH3CHO + HCN –> CH3CH(OH)CN
2
-hydrolysis
-strong acid
-heat under reflux
CH3CH(OH)CN + 2H2O + H+ –> CH3CH(OH)COOH + NH4+

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2
Q

keytone/aldehyde to alcohol

A

LiAlH4
dry ether

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3
Q

carboxylic acid to alcholol

A

LiAlH4
dry ether

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4
Q

alcohol to esther

A

conc H2SO4
esterfacation

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5
Q

alkane to halogenoalkane

A

Cl2 , Br2 ect
UV light
free radical substitudtion

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6
Q

alkene to alkane

A

H2
Nickel catalyst
150*
margarine can be made

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7
Q

alkene to halogenoalkane

A

hydrogen halide
25*

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8
Q

halogenoalkane to alkene

A

NaOH/KOH
warm ethanol
heat under reflux

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9
Q

halogenoalkane to alcohol

A

aqueous NaOH/KOH
heat under reflux

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10
Q

halogenoalkane to amine

A

conc NH3
ethanol
heat under pressure

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11
Q

halogenoalkane to nitrile

A

aq KCN
ethanol
heat under reflux

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12
Q

halogenoalkane to gringard reagent

A

Mg
dry ether

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13
Q

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

A

X2
room temp

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14
Q

alcohol to halogenoalkane

A

conc HX or PCl5
dif method for each halogen

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15
Q

alcohol to keytone

A

secondary alcohol
acidifed K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
heat under reflux

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16
Q

alcohol to aldehyde

A

primary alcohol
acidified K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
distil

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17
Q

keytone/aldehyde to alcohol

A

LiAlH4 - source of H- ions
dry ether
hydrolysis

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18
Q

gringard reagent to alcohol

A

HCOH
RCHO
RCOR’

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19
Q

keytone/aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A

KCN with HCN

20
Q

carboxylic acid to aldehyde

A

LiAlH4
dry ether
hydrolysis

21
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

acidified K2Cr2O7
heat under reflux

22
Q

gringard reagent to carboxylic acid

A

CO2
hydrolysis

23
Q

nitrile to amine

A

H2
nickel catalyst
150* under pressure
LiAlH4
dry ether
hydrolysis

24
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

HCl
heat

25
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A

ROH
heat
conc H2SO4

26
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

PCl5
room temp

27
Q

carboxylic acid to esther

A

react with alcohol
sulphuric acid catalyst
heat under reflux

28
Q

acyl chloride to ester

A

ROH
room temp

29
Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A

H2O
room temp

30
Q

acyl chloride to amide

A

conc NH3

31
Q

amine to secondary amide

A

acyl chloride
room temp

32
Q

esther to an alcohol

A

NaBH4

33
Q

alkene to alcohol

A

steam
H3PO4 catalyst
300* / 60 atm
or
H2SO4 catalyst
water

34
Q

halogenoalkane to esther

A

alcohol
- aqeous ethaolic KOH / NaOH
carboxylic acid
-pottasium dichromate vi
-sulfuric acid
esther
-react alcohol with carboxylic acid
-sulphuric acid catalyst

35
Q

diol from phenoalkene

A

pottasium manganate vii

36
Q

alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

potassium dichromate vi and dilute sulfuric acid
heat under reflux
forms water
colour change from —- to green

37
Q

cyclicalcohol to cyclicalkene

A

elimination experiement
phosphoric acid
heat
use distilation and seperating funell
then dry

38
Q

cyclichexane to cyclichalagenoalkane

A

halogen
uv light
free radical substitution

39
Q

cyclichalagenoalkane to cyclicalcohol

A

aqeous sodium hydroxide

40
Q

cyclicalkene to cyclicalkane

A

hydrogen
platnum catalyst

41
Q

gringards with carbon dioxide

A

carboxylic acid

42
Q

gringards with methanal

A

primary alcohol

43
Q

gringards with aldehyde

A

secondary alcohol

44
Q

gringards with keytone

A

tertiary alcohol

45
Q

methyl keytone/methyl secondary alcohols with iodine

A

sodium hydroxide
yellow precipitate
-triiodomethane (iodoform)
and carboxylate salt with one fewer carbon atoms

46
Q

benzene to acetly chloride

A

use gringards

47
Q

2-bromo-2-methylbutane to 2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol

A

2-bromo-2-methylbutane reacts with Mg
-Dry ether
* CH3CH2C(MgBr)(CH3)CH3
* react Grignard reagent with HCHO
*CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2OMgBr
* (hydrolyse) with (dilute) acid

chemistry (25 decks)

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