reaction of functional groups

Question 1

aldehyde to carboxylic acid
e,g ethanal to lactic acid
CH3CH(OH)COOH - lactic

Answer 1

1
-nucleophillic addition
-HCN + KCN
CH3CHO + HCN –> CH3CH(OH)CN
2
-hydrolysis
-strong acid
-heat under reflux
CH3CH(OH)CN + 2H2O + H+ –> CH3CH(OH)COOH + NH4+

Question 2

keytone/aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 2

LiAlH4
dry ether

Question 3

carboxylic acid to alcholol

Answer 3

LiAlH4
dry ether

Question 4

alcohol to esther

Answer 4

conc H2SO4
esterfacation

Question 5

alkane to halogenoalkane

Answer 5

Cl2 , Br2 ect
UV light
free radical substitudtion

Question 6

alkene to alkane

Answer 6

H2
Nickel catalyst
150*
margarine can be made

Question 7

alkene to halogenoalkane

Answer 7

hydrogen halide
25*

Question 8

halogenoalkane to alkene

Answer 8

NaOH/KOH
warm ethanol
heat under reflux

Question 9

halogenoalkane to alcohol

Answer 9

aqueous NaOH/KOH
heat under reflux

Question 10

halogenoalkane to amine

Answer 10

conc NH3
ethanol
heat under pressure

Question 11

halogenoalkane to nitrile

Answer 11

aq KCN
ethanol
heat under reflux

Question 12

halogenoalkane to gringard reagent

Answer 12

Mg
dry ether

Question 13

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

Answer 13

X2
room temp

Question 14

alcohol to halogenoalkane

Answer 14

conc HX or PCl5
dif method for each halogen

Question 15

alcohol to keytone

Answer 15

secondary alcohol
acidifed K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
heat under reflux

Question 16

alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 16

primary alcohol
acidified K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
distil

Question 17

keytone/aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 17

LiAlH4 - source of H- ions
dry ether
hydrolysis

Question 18

gringard reagent to alcohol

Answer 18

HCOH
RCHO
RCOR’

Question 19

keytone/aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Answer 19

KCN with HCN

Question 20

carboxylic acid to aldehyde

Answer 20

LiAlH4
dry ether
hydrolysis

Question 21

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 21

acidified K2Cr2O7
heat under reflux

Question 22

gringard reagent to carboxylic acid

Answer 22

CO2
hydrolysis

Question 23

nitrile to amine

Answer 23

H2
nickel catalyst
150* under pressure
LiAlH4
dry ether
hydrolysis

Question 24

nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 24

HCl
heat

Question 25

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 25

ROH heat conc H2SO4

Question 26

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 26

PCl5 room temp

Question 27

carboxylic acid to esther

Answer 27

react with alcohol sulphuric acid catalyst heat under reflux

Question 28

acyl chloride to ester

Answer 28

ROH room temp

Question 29

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 29

H2O room temp

Question 30

acyl chloride to amide

Answer 30

conc NH3

Question 31

amine to secondary amide

Answer 31

acyl chloride room temp

Question 32

esther to an alcohol

Answer 32

NaBH4

Question 33

alkene to alcohol

Answer 33

steam H3PO4 catalyst 300* / 60 atm or H2SO4 catalyst water

Question 34

halogenoalkane to esther

Answer 34

alcohol - aqeous ethaolic KOH / NaOH carboxylic acid -pottasium dichromate vi -sulfuric acid esther -react alcohol with carboxylic acid -sulphuric acid catalyst

Question 35

diol from phenoalkene

Answer 35

pottasium manganate vii

Question 36

alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 36

potassium dichromate vi and dilute sulfuric acid heat under reflux forms water colour change from —- to green

Question 37

cyclicalcohol to cyclicalkene

Answer 37

elimination experiement phosphoric acid heat use distilation and seperating funell then dry

Question 38

cyclichexane to cyclichalagenoalkane

Answer 38

halogen uv light free radical substitution

Question 39

cyclichalagenoalkane to cyclicalcohol

Answer 39

aqeous sodium hydroxide

Question 40

cyclicalkene to cyclicalkane

Answer 40

hydrogen platnum catalyst

Question 41

gringards with carbon dioxide

Answer 41

carboxylic acid

Question 42

gringards with methanal

Answer 42

primary alcohol

Question 43

gringards with aldehyde

Answer 43

secondary alcohol

Question 44

gringards with keytone

Answer 44

tertiary alcohol

Question 45

methyl keytone/methyl secondary alcohols with iodine

Answer 45

sodium hydroxide yellow precipitate -triiodomethane (iodoform) and carboxylate salt with one fewer carbon atoms

Question 46

benzene to acetly chloride

Answer 46

use gringards

Question 47

2-bromo-2-methylbutane to 2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol

Answer 47

2-bromo-2-methylbutane reacts with Mg -Dry ether * CH3CH2C(MgBr)(CH3)CH3 * react Grignard reagent with HCHO *CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2OMgBr * (hydrolyse) with (dilute) acid