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Biology > Topic 6- Inheritence And Evolution > Flashcards

Topic 6- Inheritence And Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid ad it is a chemical that all of the genetic material in the body is made of(and most organisms), it is a(natural) polymer and has two strands whic from a double helix shape

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2
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there?

A

23

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3
Q

Explain where a child inherits its chromosomes from

A

In a pair of chromosomes 1 chromosome will come from the father and 1 from the mother

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4
Q

Which number chromosome pair is the sex chromosomes

A

Pair 23

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5
Q

What is the chromosome/ genetic code for men

A

XY

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6
Q

What is the chromosome /genetic code for women

A

XX

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7
Q

When are chromosomes in an x shape

A

Before cell divisions when they are ready to divide, whenever a cell is not about to divide the chromosome is just 1 arm

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8
Q

When are the chromosomes singular arms?

A

, whenever a cell is not about to divide the chromosome is just 1 arm

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA that codes for a pattern
(Can be thought of as a small segment of a chromosome which codes for a sequence of amino acids which form proteins

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10
Q

How many amino acids are there and how many proteins can they code for?

A

20 diff aas
Can code for 1,000’s of proteins

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11
Q

What does DNA determine?

A

Which cell a poten produces and in turn determines whoch type of cell it will be e.g a rbc would need lots of the protei haemoglobin to transport blood around the body

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12
Q

What is a genome?

A

Used to describe the entire genetic material in an organism

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13
Q

What can genomes allow us to do?

A

Scientists know the complete human genome so can use this to indentify genes linked to certain diseases

Genomes allow us to trace migrations of ancestors- all humans share most of same dna but small difference between pop can telll us why they separated such as humans left Africa

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14
Q

How can we tell if a disease is inherited?

A

The genes may cause a disease and as you receive genes from ancestors they are inherited usually from parents

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15
Q

What is an allele

A

An alternative version of a gene

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16
Q

What does homozygous mea?

A

Context: as we have 2 copies of every gene one from each parent it means we will have2 alleles of each gene

If the alleles are the same (from both parents) it is called homozygous

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17
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Context: as we have 2 copies of every gene one from each parent it means we will have2 alleles of each gene

If the alleles are different it is called heterozygous

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18
Q

Dominance in alleles

A

For example a mouse may have an allele for purple fur and an allele for green fur the colour of the fur would be based on the dominant allele

Dominant is always expressed
Thus is the purple allele was dominant to the green alle (this would be recessive
) the dominant allele would be expressed(purple) so the mouse would have prrple hair

The only way to get a green mouse would be if both the alleles were recessive for green fur

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19
Q

Wat is a genotype

A

The entire collection of alleles
For example if we had all the combinations of the mouse e.g a homozygous green homozygous purple and a heterozygous purple these would all have a different genotype beacuase they have diff alleles so have diff genetic codes

20
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The characteristics that come from the genotype
E.g if a heterozygous purple mouse , homozygous purple and homozygous green mouse then the heterozygous purple and homozygous purple would have the same phenotype

21
Q

What is transcription?

A

The copying of a single gene of DNA to mRNA

22
Q

Where does transcription take place

A

Nucleus

23
Q

What is mRNA?

A

A single copy f a gene small enough t to leave the nucleus

24
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger rna(ribonucleic acid)

25
Q

Structure of mRNA compared to DNA

A

mRNA is much shorter than dna
mRNA i a single strand and not a double strand
mRNA contains uracil base instead of Thymine

26
Q

What base does mRNA not have and what is the base it has

A

mRNA doesn’t have thymine but contains uracil

27
Q

What are the 4 bases?

A

Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

28
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

A monomer which makes up DNA when connected in a chain
It contains;
•A base(a,t,c,g)
• Sugar
•Phosphate

29
Q

What is a sugar phosphate backbone

A

When phosphate of a nucleotide bonds to anther nucleotide this is repeated thousands of times forming a long chain known as a sugar phosphate backbone

30
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

A and T (or C)
C and G

31
Q

What is a triplet(or codon) ?

A

A group of 3 bases which codes for an amino acid

32
Q

What is a genetic code?

A

Sequence of bases

33
Q

Describe transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds dna just before the gees starts(the segment so a sectio of the dna that’s is to be copied)
The rna polymerase goes along the dna strand an reads the bases 1 by one an use this to make a MRNA strand
The mRNA bases will always be complimentary to the DNA bases ( A will pair with U(uracil))

RNA will go along dna strand adding a complimentary base
Note the dna strand keeps spearing juts ahead of rna polymerase and closing just behind it so only a small section is exposed behind it
•Once rna polymerase has finished making mRNA strand rna polymerase detaches from dna so dna strands can close back up
(This stand of dna the rna polymerase went along to make the mRNA is called a template strand )

34
Q

Why does a gene of DNA have to be copied to mRNA t leave the nucleus

A

DNA is too large to leave the nucleus

35
Q

What is translation

A

Te combination of amino acids to form a polypeptide

36
Q

How many bases are need to code for 1 amino acid

A

3

37
Q

Function of ribosmeones

A

Protein synthesis
( to assemble proteins from mini acids)

38
Q

How will different proteins form(think about polypeptide chains)

A

Diff sequences of a within a polypeptide will fold up into different shape, and so form diff proteins

39
Q

Describe translation

A

Inside the nucleus is a copy of a gene in the form of mRNA so is free to leave the nucleus and go to the ribosome
Each triplet/ codon can code for different aa’s

In the ribosome the mRNA and ribosome bind. Ribosome stats idling protein by doing 1 as at a time. Th aas are brought to risomome by tRNA which stands for transfer rna

tRNA molecules have aas at the top and anticodons at bottom
The anticodons are complimentary to the 3 bases (triplet/codon) on mRNA
The codons on the mRNA code for aa’s

The tRNA have now brought correct aa to ribosome in correct order
The trna acid finally detaches+ leaves a behind

The a chain will detach from ribosome and fold into a protein

40
Q

How are species named

A

The Genus and the Species

It should be all in italics and the First letter of the genus name e.g Homo sapiens

41
Q

What is the system called of naming species?

A

Lineaus System

42
Q

All the sections if the Linneaus System

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Memonic to remember: King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausages

43
Q

In 1990s the system ee name species changed how?

A

The nee system merged with the Linnaeus system ad there are three domains that go above kingdom, this is called the three domain system and proposed by Carl Woese

The domains are Eukaryota(have euskaryotic cells) and two prokaryote types which are Bacteria (prokaryotes and Archaea(diff type prokaryotes were originally thoight off as bacteria but now dometimes knoe as primitive bacteria )

44
Q

What is DNA made from?

A

DNA is a monomer made up from nucleotides

45
Q

What is a triplet/ condon?

A

A set of 3 bases which codes and forms an amnio acid

46
Q

Compare Sexual and Asexual reproduction

A

Sexual Reproduction
•2 parents needed
•Variation in offspring
•Examples include humans, bee and some plants
•Genetically different

Asexual Reproduction
•1 Parent needed
•No genetic variation, they are genetically identical (clones)
•Examples include strawberry plant and jelly fish
•Genetically the same (clones)

Biology (10 decks)

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