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Biology > Topic 3 - Infection And Disease > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

why is the maximum temperature of 25 degrees Celsius recommended for cultures in school labs?

A

It reduces the likelihood of growing harmful MO’s to humans

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2
Q

how big are bacteria cells

A

1 micro metre

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3
Q

What does non-communicable mean?

A

Non infectious disease cannot be passed from
one organism to another

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4
Q

What is a communicable diease?

A

A disease that is infectious
passed from person to person
by pathogens

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5
Q

Factors that affect health

A

Diet
Life Situations
Stress

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6
Q

List some life situations which may affect health

A

-pollution
. part of world you live in (e.g. more
chance or malaria in certain countries)
- Gender
-Financial status (food availability)
- ethnic group
. How many children you have
. Local sewage and rubbish disposal
- levels of free healthcare provided where you live

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7
Q

What health problems can stress inflict ?

A

. too much stress can cause
heart disease, some cancers,
mental health problems

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8
Q

In which way can diet affect health?

A
  • Unbalanced diet can lead to obesity which can further lead to diabetes
  • Not enogh to eat e.g starvation, malnourishment
    -Incorrect nutrients e.g no iron can lead to anaemia
    Too much food can lead to obesity or type 2 diabtes and some cancers
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9
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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10
Q

What is a protist?

A

protist-single-celled organism that can cause
a range of diseases in animals and plants
They are paracytes
Reproduce sexually in mosquito and asexually in the human body

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11
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The human bodies defence system

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12
Q

What does the skin secrete as a defence mechanism?

A

Oil/ antimicrobal substances

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13
Q

List the human defences of microbes or pathogenic entry

A

Non specific(target all pathogen):
-saliva
-tears(contain lycazide which which dissolve the cell wall of bacteria preventing infection
-stomach acid(PH 2)
-Ear wax
-Mucus in openings(mucus also in lungs)
-Scabbing
-Hairs in airways

Specific defence mechanisms:
White blood cells

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14
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogenic entry?

A

Acts as a phycsical barrier to microbes. If broken blood clots form to seal the wound to prevent microbe entry

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15
Q

How do tears prevent pathogenic or microbe entry ?

A

Contains lysozyme which dissolves some bacteria’s cell walls preventing infection

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16
Q

How do mucus and cilia in the nose,throat and lungs prevent pathogenic entry ?

A

Helps trap microbes, and sweep them out of the air passage ways cilia in thorat move particles of microbes to the back of the throat so they can be swallowed into the stomach

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17
Q

How does stomach acid prevent pathogenic or microbial infection?

A

Kills most of the microbes in our food. Hydrochloric acid in stomach has a PH of 2

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18
Q

what do we call conditions without microbes?

A

aseptic or sterile

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19
Q

what do culture media usually contain?

A

carbs and mineral ions

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20
Q

what equipment is used to transfer MO’s onto a culture media?

A

Inoculating loop

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21
Q

How do you prevent MOs from the air contaminating the petri dish?

A

seal the lid with tape

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22
Q

why is the maximum temp of 25 degrees Celsius recommended for the incubation of cultures in school labs?

A

It reduces the likelihood of growing harmful MOs to humans

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23
Q

what important procedures do you carry out before and after working with MOs?

A

washing hands
swabbing benches with disinfectant

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24
Q

Why would you heat an inoculating loop in a Bunsen burner until it is red hot?

A

to sterilize it

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25
Q

What would you call a culture that only grows the MOs you want ?

A

Uncontaminated

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26
Q

why is it important not to eat or drink during work with MO’s?

A

To prevent MO’s from entering the body

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27
Q

Why is it important not to open the lid of a petri dish and inoculation?

A

to ensure MO’s do not escape and prevent entry of other MO’s

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28
Q

Stages of bacteria growth curve

A

Lag phase- bacteria are eating food
and growing
Exponential phase-bacteria are dividing
(Binary fission)
stationary phase-in bacteria are dying at the
same rate as being born/reproduced
Decline in death phase -the bacteria have ran out or
media/food so they die which decreases the population of bacteria

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29
Q

What is disinfectant ?

A

Substances used on non-living surfaces to destroy/kill MO’s

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30
Q

What is an antibiotic ?

A

Drugs used to kill MO’s inside the body

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31
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

A substance used on living surfaces to destroy/kill MO’s

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32
Q

what does unicellular mean ? bacteria are unicellular

A

This means that when they divide by binary fission they’re also reproducing as each new cell is a separate organism.

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33
Q

List the ways a communicable disease is spread

A

-air -some pathogens are carried in droplets when
an infected person coughs or sneezes-e-g.Influenza or measles

Contaminated food or water e.g water contaminated with diahhorea or from a person suffering from cholorea

Direct contact e.g walking on a contamined surafce such as a public swimmng poo

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34
Q

List the ways to prevent spread of disease

A

Hygiene
- Hand washing-before cooking, after
contact with an animal or someone
injected with an infections i mess.
. keeping raw meat away from food
that is eaten uncooked
- coughing or sneezing into a handkerchiefs
. using disinter ants on kitchen won
surfaces to reduce a number a pathogens
. mainting hygiene of people + agricultural
machinery to prevent the spread a disease.
Isolating
if someone is infected with
an infectious disease such
as ebola a they need to be kept
in isolation.
Destroying or controlling vectors
using pesticides
. removing still water
Killing larvae

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35
Q

What is the mean division time?

A

the average time it takes for a bacteria cell to divide

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36
Q

State two ways in which STDs can be prevented

A

Practise safe sex use barrier methods such as condoms
Avoid sexual intercourse

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37
Q

List the symptoms of Salmonella

A

vomiting
abdominal cramps
diahorrea

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38
Q

List the symptoms of TMV and is it a virus or bacterial infection?

A

virus

distinctive mosaic pattern on leaves
stunted growth of plant
no photosynthesis due to areas being affected

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39
Q

List the symptoms of HIV/AIDS is it a virus or bacteria

A

HIV is virus
AIDS is disease

Symptoms
Mild flue-like illness
fever
tiredness
aches

feel better after a while but virus is destroying wbc so easily catch unusual infections and sometimes develop some cancers

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40
Q

List the symptoms of malaria

A

chills
headache
exhausting sweats
vomiting

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41
Q

who are most vulnerable to malaria and why?

A

infants
children under 5
pregnant women
because they all have a weak immune system

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42
Q

List the symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple + black spots on leaves
leaves often turn yellow and drop early because the fungi attacks the cells containing chlorophyll no chlorophyll + no photosynthesis + weak plant

43
Q

List the treatments for measles

A

no treatment

44
Q

List the treatments for HIV/AIDS

A

No treatment
No cure
But there are antiretroviral drugs that reduce the rate of duplication of the virus

45
Q

What is a virus?

A

Viruses are very small particles capable of infecting every type of living organism.

46
Q

List the treatments for TMV

A

No treatment
Farmers now grow TMV-resistant strains of crops
Good field hygiene

47
Q

List the treatments for Salmonella

A

Type of food poisoning

Treatment
No treatment usually passes after a few days

48
Q

List the treatments for gonorrhoea

A

Antibiotics (Penicillin) however there are lots of antibiotic resistant strains so more expensive and rare antibiotics are needed to be used

49
Q

List how to prevent gonorrhoea

A

avoid unsafe sex
use barrier methods of contraception such as condoms

Avoid sexual interourse

50
Q

List how to prevent salmonella

A

vaccinate chickens
practise good food hygiene e.g washing chopping boards separating uncooked and cooked food especially chicken
cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria

51
Q

List how to prevent the spread of TMV

A

Good fields hygiene
good pest control

52
Q

List how to prevent the spread of HIV

A

-practise safe sex
use barrier contraception
Methods such as condoms
-don’t share needles
-screen blood that is
for transfusions

53
Q

List how to reduce the spread of measles

A

Isolating when infected
wearing face masks to catch water droplets from an infected person to prevent the spread of the virus

54
Q

List how to prevent the spread of malaria

A

Using insecticides- impregnated nets to prevent mosquitos biting humans and passing on protists
Using insecticides to kill mosquitos in homes and offices
preventing the vectors from breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill larvae
travellers can take antimalarial drugs that kill the protists in the blood if bitten by a mosquito

55
Q

List how to prevent the spread of rose black spot

A

Removing and burning the affected leaves and stems

Fungicides can be used to treat and prevent the disease

Horticulturists have bred types of roses that are relatively resistant to rose black spot

55
Q

What do we call the proteins on cell surfaces that identify cells as ‘self’ or ‘foreign’?

A

antigens

56
Q

List the 3 ways antibodies work

A

Cell lysis (making microbes explode,
aggregation, making the microbes stick together,
Marking for destruction via phagocytosis,

57
Q

What do antitoxins do ?

A

White blood cells produce antitoxins which bind and counteract toxins produced by pathogens

58
Q

What does proliferating mean ?

A

increase rapidly

59
Q

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is carried out by a special type of white blood cell called a phagocyte.
The first step is for the phagocyte track down a pathogen, and then bind to it.
The phagocyte’s membrane will then surround the pathogen and engulf it.
Finally, enzymes inside the phagocyte break down the pathogen in order to destroy it.

60
Q

Why may a doctor do tests before prescribing an antibiotic ?

A

To ensure it is a bacteria and if it is to ensure that they prescribe the correct antibiotic for killing that specific bacteria as if an incorrect antibiotic is used the bacteria may mutate ands become antibiotic resistant

61
Q

Why dont doctors prescribe antibiotics for viruses?

A

antibiotic wont affect a virus cant do anything to them
antibiotic wouldn’t be able to find the virus as it is a cell so wouldn’t be able to access the cell to kill the virus

62
Q

What is a medication ?

A

A drug that is used to prevent, treat or relieve the symptoms of disease.

63
Q

How do bacteria become antibiotic resistant (4 marks)

A

stage 1 : a person has bacterial infection
stage 2: antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria causing
infection
stage 3: some of the bacteria mutates due to random
change in their DNA /genetic material (mutation)
stage 4: the resistant bacteria reproduce quickly
stages: a new strain of bacteria has resistance that is
resistant to this particular antibody.

64
Q

List the reasons why bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics

A
  • taking them for the wrong reasons-non-resistance die resistant live no need to compete for food or space so divide.
  • not completing the full course of antibiotics
65
Q

Where does digitalis and aspirin come from and what do they treat

A

Digitalis extracted in foxgloves used to strengthen the heartbeat.
aspirin-obtained from a compound found in the bark of a willow tree(aspirin is a painkiller)

66
Q

Which company extracted penicillin on a large scale ?

A

Pfizer

67
Q

What are the stages of testing drugs?

A

-cells
-animal tissue
-rats or other animals
-test on people for side affects

68
Q

List the three things a drug is tested for

A

TED

toxicity
efficacy
dosage

69
Q

what does pre-clinical mean ?

A

Before human tests

70
Q

What does clinical mean ?

A

when testsed on humans

71
Q

State monoclonal antibody production

A

1 Inject an animal, like a mouse, with the antigen that we want our antibodies to bind to.
2 Let the animal develop an immune response, and then isolate some of their B-lymphocytes (which will produce the antibody we want).
3 Combine those B-lymphocytes with fast-dividing tumour cells to form hybridoma cells.
4 Let these hybridoma cells divide rapidly in a petri dish.
5 Collect and purify the monoclonal antibodies they produce

72
Q

Which substances from the list below can we attach to the bottom of antibodies in order to locate or destroy specific types of cells?

A

drugs
radioactive material
fluorescent material

73
Q

uses for monoclonal antibodies

A

pregnancy tests
diagnosis of disese
measuring and monitoring the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood
research

74
Q

advantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

only bind to specific antigens of cells that are wanted to be targeted so healthy cells aren’t affected

can be used to treat a wide range of conditions due to their specificy

75
Q

disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

expensive to develop
complex process to develop
create more side effects than expected such as vomiting, fever and low blood pressure
difficult to produce the right monoclonal antibodies and attaching them to drugs and other compounds
ethical issues

76
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A

causes grown gall- forms a mass of unspecialised cells to grow

cause a mass of new undifferentiated genetically modified cells to grow its causes damage because it grows between the joint between the root and the shoot in infected pearls =no water or minerals

77
Q

rose black spot- fungus

A

causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves

causes damage by weakening the plant due to preventing photosynthesis

78
Q

rose black spot- fungus

A

causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves

causes damage by weakening the plant due to preventing photosynthesis

79
Q

root knot nematodes

A

damage roots
this causes damage to the plant by preventing the plant from getting the water and nutrients ions it needs

stunts growth or even fails to grow

80
Q

aphids-insects

A

have sharp mouth which penetrates into the phloem vessels to feed on sugar rich phloem sap

they are also vectors as they can transfer viruses and bacteria
this causes mage because they attack in numbers depriving the plant of the product of photosynthesis
weakening the plant
also damages stem

81
Q

nitrate deficiency- mineral ion deficiency

A

plants will become stunted

protein growth is limited as nitrate ions are needed for protein growth

82
Q

magnesium deficiency- mineral ion deficiency

A

leaves turn yellow (chlorosis)
growth slows
plant cannot phtosythesise as mg is neede

83
Q

plant defences

A

physical barriers
chemical barriers
mechanical barriers

84
Q

physical barriers -plants

A

cell wall made from cellulose helps resist mos

bark on trees+ layers of dead cells on leaves form a protective coating from mos
waxy cuticles on surface of leaves acts as a barrier to pathogens into cells

85
Q

chemical barriers-plants

A

many plants produce antibacterial chemicals to prevent bacterial disease
poisons deter herbivores and other large animals

86
Q

mechanical barriers - plants

A

mimicry- look unhethy to prevent animals eating them. Some mimic butterly eggs on them to prevent butterflys laying their eggs

hairs stems- prevent animlas and insects from feeding on them some have posons too such as nettles

drooping /curling hair when touched dislodges and frightens insects- some nettles do it
thorns makes it unpleasent for large herbivores to eat or lay eggs ont the stems

87
Q

what is health ?

A

a state of physical and mental well being

88
Q

what is a disease ?

A

any condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body and mind

89
Q

How can we maintain good health?

A

maintain good health by:
- eat a well balanced diet
-exercise regularly
. reduce stress
-seek medical help for mental + physical
difficulties
-avoid smoking + reacreational drugs
- drink alcohol in moderation only
- maintain sleep/relax/rest
- Get regular check ups with medical professionals

90
Q

what is cancer

A

rapid and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

91
Q

what is a cardiovascular disease?

A

any condition that weakens the heart and blood vessels and makes them less functional

92
Q

what is diabetes?

A

inability to control blood sugar levels

93
Q

what is chronic respitory disease?

A

disese that affects the lungs e.g. athsma ,copd

94
Q

what is arthritis?

A

disease of joints marked by painful swelling and stiffness

95
Q

what are allergies?

A

extreme sensitivity to a substance

96
Q

what is a risk factor?

A

Something that increases your chance of getting disease

97
Q

what is prevalence ?

A

the number of people who have a particular condition, regardless of whether they were just diagnosed, even whether they were diagnosed at all

98
Q

what is incidence ?

A

the number of people diagnosed with a particular disease in a particular population of people at a particular time.

99
Q

Risk factors for NCD

A

• smoking
• poor diet
• Lack of exercise
• Excessive consumption
of alcohol
. uv light
. exposure to carcinogens
. Genes

100
Q

Difference between malignant tumours and Benign Tumors

A

begnin tumors are controlled in one area and
don’t move too much- can be life threatening
however malignant tumor cells spread around the
body possibly into neighbouring tissues-they live longer
If left untreated they possibly cause death

101
Q

bmi equation

A

bmi= mass(kg)/height(m)^2

102
Q

Obesity can cause

A

Obesity can cause:
a high blood pressure
. arthritis: worn joints
-type 2 diabetes
Blocked arteries
- Heart disease: strokes and aneurisms

103
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

To locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body

Biology (10 decks)

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