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Biology > Topic 1-Cells > Flashcards

Topic 1-Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what goes in and out the cell

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2
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

controls the passage of substances in and out of cell

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place (metabolic reactions) e.g anareobic respiration

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4
Q

What are Mitochondria?

A

Provide/release energy to the cell through aerobic respiration.

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5
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Carry out protein synthesis

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6
Q

what is a metabolic reaction?

A

chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
anabolic + catabolic e.g. your body’s reactions

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7
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins

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8
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

it controls the cell

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9
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

building reaction

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10
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

a breaking down reaction

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11
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

protects the cells and keeps them upright. it contains cellulose to strengthen the plant

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12
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

(Found in green areas of the plant) contains chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight which is needed to carry out photosynthesis to produce glucose(food) for the plant

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13
Q

which special type of plant cell does not contain chlorophyll.

A

root hair cells

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14
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

Contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells

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15
Q

How is a Red blood cell specialised?

A

•Thin outer membrane to lets Oxygen diffuse through easily
•(Biconcave shape) Red blood cells have dents on each side. We call this a biconcave shape. This biconcave shape creates a large surface area and allows for the rapid diffusion of oxygen.
•No nucleus which increase surface area so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin which means more oxygen can be carried.

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16
Q

What is the function of a root her cell?

A

Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil

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17
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised?

A

It has long ‘finger-like’ process with thin wall, which gives it a large surface area

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18
Q

What is the function of a Sperm cell?

A

Fertilises an egg- female gamete by swimming to it

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19
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A

•It has lots of genetic information in its head
•It has an enzyme called Acrosome on the tip of its head to help penetrate the egg cell membrane
•It has lots of mitochondria in its cross section to provide lots of energy to sperm cell.
•It has a long flagellum allows the sperm cell to travel to the egg cell

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20
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

It carries electrical impulses and provides a communication system for different parts of the body.

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21
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised?

A

•It has lots dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
•A long axon which carries nerve impulses from one place to another
Synapses pass impulses to another cell or between nerve cell and muscle using special transmitter chemicals
•Synapses contain lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed to make transmitter chemicals.
•Myelin sheath- surrounds axon to stop electrical nerve signals from leaking = inc speed of transmission(travel) of electrical signals)

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22
Q

What is the function of a leaf cell?

A

Absorbs light energy from the sun for photosynthesis

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23
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

To contract and relax in pair to move the bones of the skeleton.

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24
Q

How are muscle cells specialised ?

A

•Smooth muscle cells from one of the layers in the digestive system contract and relax to squeeze food through your gut
•Striated muscles cells have 3 main adaptations-
•The contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
•Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the chemical reactions that
take place when the cells contract and relax.
•Can store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by
mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract.

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25
Q

What adaptations do photosynthetic cells have?

A

•They contain special green structures called chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll which traps light for photosynthesis
•The are usually positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of the stem of the plant so that they absorb as much light as possible
•Large permanent vacuole-keeps the cell rigid as a result of osmosis. When lots of these cells are arranged together to form photosynthetic tissue ———————they help support the stem——————

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26
Q

What is the function of a xylem cell?

A

Carries water and mineral and ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots.
It is also important in supporting the plant

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27
Q

Adaptations of a xylem cell?

A

•Alive when formed but chemical
(lignin) spirals the cell walls which makes them die. This forms long hollow tubes for water and mineral ions to move easily through them from one end to the other end of the plant.
•Spirals+ rings of lignin in the xylem cells makes them very strong and enables them to withstand the pressure of the water moving up the plant(also support plant stem.

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28
Q

What is the function of phloem cells?

A

A transport tissue that transports food made by photosynthesis around the plant

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29
Q

What are the adaptations of phloem cells?

A

•They have tubes like xylem cells but phloem cells aren’t dead or spiralled by lignin.
•Cell walls in between the cells break down to form special sieve plates. These allow water carrying dissolved glucose/food to freely move up and down the tubes to where it is needed.
•Lose a lot of their internal structure so are supported by companion cells to prevent them from dying. The mitochondria of the companion cells transfer energy needed to move the dissolved food up and down the plant in phloem

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30
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2+6H20=(LIGHT and = glucose(C6H12O6) +6O2

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31
Q

why should you use the lowest magnification lens first?

A

Because it has a wider field of view

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32
Q

what is the usual magnification for an eyepiece lens

A

x10

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33
Q

How to calculate image size(using magnification and actual)

A

Image size = Actual size x Magnification

I=AM( Remember it by I AM)

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34
Q

How to calculate magnification (using eyepiece lens and objective lens)

A

Magnification = Eyepiece lens x Objective lens
M=E x O

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35
Q

is this cell structure Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
Plasmid

A

Prokaryotic

36
Q

A student observed slides of onion cells using a microscope however the slides are not clear to see what should the student do

A

Turn the focus knob

37
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of a light microscope(optical microscope)

A

Advantages
•Cheap(around £400 each)
•Small+ Portable
•Can be easily used in schools
•Easy to store
•Easy to set up

Disadvantages
•Not very powerful(can’t see much detail in a cell/specimen)
•Not as good quality (more likely to break)
•Can’t be used efficiently for biomedical uses

38
Q

what does resolving power(resolution) mean?

A

The smallest distance you can see 2 spots as separate

39
Q

What does the term eukaryotic mean

A

Cells with a nucleus(After nuclear membrane)

40
Q

what does the term prokaryotic mean?

A

Cells without a nucleus(Before nuclear membrane)

41
Q

what is an example of a eukaryotic cell?

A

A human cell-
•Muscle cell
•Heart cell
•Skin cell

42
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

A bacteria cell

43
Q

List the similarities between a Human cell and a bacteria cell

A

•Both have a cell membrane
•Both have a cytoplasm
•Both have genetic material(or some sort of genetics)

44
Q

List the differences between a Human and bacteria cell

A

•Bacteria no nucleus
•Some bacteria have cell wall
•Some bacteria have flagella
•Bacteria have plasmids
•

45
Q

explain how cigarettes cause lung cancer?

A

Cigarettes cause cancer due to the chemical carcinogens in the smoke. At least 70 carcinogens have been detected in cigarette smoke. Causues muttation creating abnormal growth of cells

46
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Down the concentration gradient.

47
Q

what are the factors that affect diffusion?

A

•Concentration gradient (increase to speed up diffusion e.g. have lots of oxygen outside a cell and little inside a cell diffusion will happen very quickly.
•Temperature
•Distance particles must travel(think back to Mrs Webb-Shirley spraying deodorant in year 7)

48
Q

Is diffusion a passive process and what does a passive process mean?

A

Yes
A passive process means they (particles) move randomly and require no energy to do so.

49
Q

What happens to rbc cells placed into distilled water?

A

swell and burst

50
Q

what happens to rbcs when places in concentrated salt solution

A

Cells shrink and shrivel

51
Q

What happens to plant cells placesd in distilled water

A

fill with water and become turgid pushing water on the cell wall

52
Q

what happens when there is a low conc of H20 outside the plant cell

A

it becomes flaccid

53
Q

function of permanent vacuole

A

space in cytoplasm filled with cell sap which is important for keeping cells rigid to support the plant

54
Q

how big are eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are 10 - 100 micrometres in size.

55
Q

how big are prokaryotic cells?

A

around 0.1-0.5 micrometres

56
Q

magnification equation

A

mag=size of image/ actual

57
Q

advantages of light microscope(optical microscope)

A

•Small+ portable
•Cheap9around £400)
•Can be easily used in schools
•Easy to store
•Easy to set up

58
Q

disadvantages of light microscope(optical microscope)

A

•Not very powerful( can’t see much detail in cell/specimen)
•Not as good quality(more likely to break)
•Can’t be used efficiently for biomedical use

59
Q

advantages of an electron microscope

A

•can see specimins/objects in finer and more detail such as cell structures and DNA
•They have a much higher resolution can see up to 0.2 nm
•Better for scientific studies and biomedical use

60
Q

disadvantages of an electron microscope

A

•Extremely expensive (up to £10,000,000)
•Not very portable
•Takes up a lot of space(hence hard to store)
•Expensive to replace broken or damaged parts

61
Q

How is a xylem cell specialised?

A

it is a transport tissue in plants that carries water and mineral ions from roots to the highest leaves and shoots. They are alive when formed but dead when used.

62
Q

are yeast cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

eukaryotic

63
Q

what does a slime capsule do?

A

It protects the bacteria cell

64
Q

what is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Notes
In diffusion the particles move randomly
It is a passive process which means no energy is needed

65
Q

what does a passive process mean?

A

No energy is needed

66
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

A

•The conc gradient( increase this to speed up diffusion)
•Temperature(Increase diffusion happens quicker)
•Distance particles must travel

67
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules from an area
of high concentration of water to an area of
low concentration of water across a partially
permeable membrane.

68
Q

name two types of stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells

69
Q

where are plant stem cells found

A

found in meristems

70
Q

what are meristems

A

areas of the plant that are continually growing

71
Q

difference between animal and plant stem cells

A

the plant stem cells stay in plant for ever but animal stem cells don’t

72
Q

Two key features of stem cells:

A

They can divide by mitosis
to form more cells
They can differentiate
into specialised cells

73
Q

1 kilometre = _____Meters

A

1000M (multiplied by 1000). (multiplied by )

74
Q

What is the process of a cell changing to become specialised for its job?

A

Differentiation

75
Q

What is differentiation ?

A

The process of a cell changing to become specialised for it’s job

76
Q

How many cells are created from mitosis?

A

2 daughter cells identical to original cell

77
Q

What is an embryonic stem cell?

A

A cell that has been formed by the mitosis of a zygote(the cell name when the egg and sperm cell fuse/egg fertilised by sperm) the zygotes divide into a group of cells called an embryo these cells are called embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell

78
Q

What is a meristem?

A

Area of the plant that is continually growing this is where plant stem cells are found e.g tips of the roots and shoots

79
Q

How long do plant stem cells last?

A

Unspecialised plant stem cells exist for lofe

80
Q

How do stem cells divide?

A

By mitosis

81
Q

Two key features of stem cells

A

Can divide by mitosis to form more cells
Can differentiate into specialised cells

82
Q

What is the name for the cell when a sperm cell fertilises the egg cell

A

A zygote?

83
Q

What do we call the plant tissues that are continually growing and contain stem cells?

A

Meristems

The tips of the roots and shoots contain meristem tissue

84
Q

What can adult stem cells only differentiate into?

A

Different types Blood cells

85
Q

Where a adult stem cells found

A

In bone marrow

Biology (10 decks)

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