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Biology > Topic 6 - Inheritance, Variation + Evolution > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Inheritance, Variation + Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

A chemical thay all the genetic material in a cell is made up from.

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA.

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes. The offspring contains a mixture of the parents genes.

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5
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

There is only one parent so there is no genetic variation between the parent and offspring. They are genetically identical(clones) of the parent.

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6
Q

Explain the process of meiosis.

A

Before cells start to divide its genetic information is duplicated forming two armed chromosomes.
Each arm is an exact copy of the other arm.
After replication the chromosmes arrange into pairs.
The chromosome pairs line up the the centre of the cell.
The pairs are pulled apart so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosomes. So bboth some of the mother and father chromosomes go into each new cell.
In the second division the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and the arms of the chromosomes are pulled apart.
You get four gametes all with single sets of chromosomes in them. Each gamete is genetically difference from ghe other.

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7
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population.

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8
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in DNA.

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9
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder which causes the body to prduce alot of thi k sticky mucus in air passages and in the pancreas.

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10
Q

What type of allele is cystic fibrosis?

A

Recessive.

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11
Q

What are carriers?

A

People with one copy of the allele for cystic fibrosis(Ff).

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12
Q

What is polydactyl?

A

Babies born sith extra fingers or toes.

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13
Q

What allele is polydactyl?

A

Dominant.

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14
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Caused by mutations.

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15
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Causes by conditions in the environment.

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16
Q

What are the base pairs?

A

A and T

C and G

17
Q

What is the Theory of Evolution?

A

All of todays species have evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop over three billion years ago.

18
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Organisms with the most suitable characteristics for the encironment would be more limely to survive.
The successful ones surive and reproduce to pass on the characteristics that make them successfull to their offspring.
The less well adapted ones are less likely to survive so they pass their genes to the next generation.
Overtime beneficial characteristic becime more common and the species changes-evolves.

19
Q

What is speciation?

A

When the phenotype of an organism changes so much because of natural selection a new species is formed.

20
Q

What is extinction?

A

The permanent loss of all members of a species from the earth.

21
Q

What is endangered?

A

A species that is at serious risk of extinction.

22
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When humans artificially select the plants or animals they are going to breed so that the genes for particular characteristics remain in the population.

23
Q

Explain the process of selective breeding.

A

From your existing stock select the one with the characteristics you want.
Breed them sith each other.
Select the best of the offspring and breed them with eachother.
Continue this process over several generations so the desirable trait gets stronger and stronger.

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?

A

It reduces the genetic variation so the organism could inherit harmful genetic defects and can lead to destructive attacks from insects or disease.
Also causes defects like pugs have difficulty breathing.

25
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing the gene of another organism to give a desired characteristic.

26
Q

Explain the process of generic engineering.

A

The useful gene is cut from an organisms genome using enzymes and placed into a bacterial plasmid.
The plasmid is then returned into the vector.
The vectoer is used to insert the gene into the required cells.
Genes are transferred during early development so that all the cells develop all the desired characteristics.

27
Q

What is classification?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class 
Order
Family
Genus
Species
28
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukaryota
Archaea
Bacteria

29
Q

Advantages of GM crops?

A

Increase the yield making more food.
People in developing nations can have a lack of nutrients in their diet so the crops can be engineered to contain the missing nutrients.
They are already being grown in some places without any problems.

30
Q

Disadvantages of GM crops?

A

It will affect the number of wild flowers that live around the crops reducing farmland biodiversity.
Not convinced they are safe and not understand the effects of eating them on human health.
Transplanted genes may get out into the natural environment, for example, the herbicide resistance may be picked up by weeds making superweeds.

31
Q

How are fossils created from mineral replacement?

A

teeth, shells, bones dont decay easily so they can last a long time when buried.
They are replaced by minerals as they decay forming rock like substances shaped like the original hard part.
The surrounding sediment also turns to rock but the fossil stays distinct inside the rock until its dug up.

32
Q

How are fossils formed from casts and impressions?

A

When the organism is buried in soft material like clay.
The clay later hardens and the organism decays, leaving a cast of itself.
Plant roots or an animals burrow can be preserved as casts.
Footprints can also be pressed into these materials leaving an impression when it hardens.

33
Q

How are fossils formed from preservation with no decay?

A

In amber and tar pits there is no oxygen or moisture so decay microbes cant survive.
In glaciers it is too cold for decay microbes and peat bogs are too acidic for decay microbes.

34
Q

What is archaea?

A

Primitive bacteria that are found in extreme places such as hot springs and salt lakes.

35
Q

What is bacteria?

A

True bacteria like ‘e.coli’. They are similar to archaea but there are biochemical differences between them.

36
Q

What is eukaryota?

A

Includes a broad rate of organisms including fungi, plants, animals and protists.

37
Q

How are binomial names given?

A

The first part refers to the genus and the second part refers to the species.

Biology (7 decks)

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