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Biology > Topic 3 - Infection And Response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection And Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an example of a communicable disease?

A

Measles

Malaria

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2
Q

What are examples of non communicable diseases?

A

Cancer

Coronary Heart Disease

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3
Q

How does obesity link to disease?

A

It can cause type 2 diabetes by making the body resistant to insulin meaning there is a struggle to control the concentration if glucose in the blood.

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4
Q

How does smoking link to disease?

A

Can directly cause cardiovascular disease as it damages the walls of arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs.

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A micro-organism that can cause disease.

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6
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

They engulf the microbe.

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7
Q

What are lympocytes?

A

Produces antibodies to attach to microbes.

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8
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

It produces toxins that can damage your cells and tissues.

They reproduce rapidly inside the body.

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9
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

They live inside our cells and replicate themselves until the cell burst releasing the new virus.
The cell damage is what makes you feel ill.

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10
Q

How are measles spread?

A

Spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Develop red skin rash and show signs of a fever.

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12
Q

How are measles treated?

A

Most people are vaccinated against measles when they are young.

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13
Q

What causes HIV?

A

It is a virus spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

It cause flu-like symptoms for a few weeks.

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15
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

It can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs which stops the virus replicating in the body.

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16
Q

What happens if HIV has badly damaged the body’s immune system?

A

It can’t cope with other infections or cancers, this is called AIDS.

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17
Q

What is Tobacco Mosiac Virus?

A

A virus that affects many species of plants, for example tomatoes.

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18
Q

What are symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of plants and parts of the leaves become discoloured.
It means it cant photosynthesise as well si the virus effects growth.

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19
Q

What is Rose Black Spot disease?

A

It is a fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants.

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20
Q

How does Rose Black Spot spread?

A

Through the environment in the water or by the wind.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose Balck Spot disease?

A

Less photosynthesis happens so the plant doesn’t grow very well.

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22
Q

How is Black Rose Spot treated?

A

The plant is stripped of its affected leaves and then destroyed so the fungus can’t spread.

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23
Q

How is malaria caused?

A

By mosquitos as they carry the protist when they feed on a n infected animal then it infects the other animal by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessels.

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Repeating episodes of fever, it can be fatal.

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25
Q

How can you protect against malaria?

A

By using insecticides and mosquito nets.

26
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.

27
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever
Stomach Cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

28
Q

How is salmonella caused?

A

By eating food that is contaminated with the salmonella bacteria and the toxin it produces causes the illness.

29
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

It is an STD.

30
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinating and thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.

31
Q

How can you treat gonorrhoea?

A

It can be treated with antibiotics called penicillin but is more difficult now strands have became resistant.
You can use barrier methods such as condoms.

32
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

Bacteria.

33
Q

What are the body’s non specific responses?

A

Skin-It is a barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances which kills pathogens.
Hairs in Nose-Traps particles that contains pathogens.
Stomach-Produces hydrochloric acid thag kills pathogens that make it there.
Trachea and Bronchi-Secrete mucus to trap pathogens then cilia wafts mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

34
Q

Describe the stages of phagocytosis.

A

The phagocyte detects the pathogen then engulfs it.

It is then broken down by enzymes and the pathogen is digested so it is no longer harmful.

35
Q

How does antibody production defend against pathogens?

A

Pathogens have antigens and when white blood cells don’t recognise a foreign antigen they produce antibodies to lock onto invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.
Antibodies are the produced rapidly and carried around the body to find all the similar bacteria or viruses.
Then if the person is infected again the memory cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it.

36
Q

How does antitoxins prevent pathogens?

A

They conteract toxins produced by invading bacteria.

37
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

A dead or weakened form of a pathogen.

38
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A

It contains a dead or weakened form of the pathogen.
Pathogens have antigens on their surface.
So it stimulates lympocytes to create antibodies.
Then the memory cells remember so if you are ever infected again your bodycan quickly create antibodies to fight off the pathogen.
Memory cells provide immunity.

39
Q

What is a painkiller?

A

Drugs used to relieve pain, they don’t kill the pathogens they just reduce the symptoms.

40
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Drugs that kill the bacteria causing the problem without killing your body cells.

41
Q

Why can you not use antibiotics to cure viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce using your own body cells which makes it difficult to develops drugs that destroy the virus without destroying your body cells.
They also live inside body cells and for antibiotics to work they would havr to damage your own cells.

42
Q

Where did many drugs originally come from?

A

Plants.

43
Q

Where was aspirin found?

A

It is a painkiller and lowers fever.

It was developed from a chemical found in willow.

44
Q

Where was digitalis found?

A

It is used to treat heart conditions and was made from a chemical found in foxgloves.

45
Q

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?

A

He was clearing out petri dishes containing bacteria and he noticed one dish of bacteria has mould on it and around the mould it was free of bacteria.
The mould produced a substance that killed the bacteria, this was penicillin

46
Q

What are the stages of develeoping and testing a new drug?

A

Research and Development-A disease is targeted and ideas are developed for lots of possible drugs.
Synthesis-Possible drugs are made in the lab.
Pre Clinical Trials-Drugs are tested on cells and tissues to test if they would work on humans and see if they work.
Animal Testing-How they work in a living organism and see if it can be taken and removed from the body effectively and test for sideffects.
Clinical Trials on Healthy-It is tested on small number of healthy volunteers.
Clinicals Trials on Infected-Trialed with a small number of patients suffering from the disease
Large Scale Human Trials-Control groups that don’t recieve the drug are compared to those that do.
Monitoring-It will be monitored as long as patients use it to make sure it works and is safe
Licensing-It will be granted a license after testing and doctors can now use the meficine to treat your illness.

47
Q

How does fungi cause disease?

A

Some fungi are single celled or others have a body made of hyphae.
The hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants which causes disease.
Hyphae can also produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals.

47
Q

Which ways can pathogens be spread?

A

They can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water.
Pathogens can be carried in the air then breahed in.
Some pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including the skin.

47
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that carries a disease but does not have it itself.

47
Q

How can you reduce or prevent disease?

A

Washing hands before preparing food or after sneezing.
By getting rid of organisms that spread disease, such as stopping mosquitos breeding.
Isolating someone with a communicable disease.
Vaccinations can be given against communicable diseases so people cant develop an infection and pass it on.

48
Q

What are advantages of vaccinations?

A

Control alot of communicable diseases that were once common in the UK. Smallpox no longer occurs at all and polio infections have fallen by 99%.
It can stop epidemics if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated. Even if you arent vaccinated you are unlikely to pass the disease on as there are fewer people too.

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?

A

Vaccines dont always work as sometimes they dont give you immunity.
You can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine but they are rare.

50
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

They can mutate and become resistant to antibiotics.
If you have an infection some bacteria may be resistant to the antibiotics so when you treat the infection only the non resistant strains will be killed.
The resistant bacteria will then reproduce and the population of the resistant strain will increase.
This could cause a serious infection that cant be treated by antibiotics.

51
Q

How can you prevent the development of resistant bacteria?

A

Doctors stop over prescribing antibiotics, only for serious things.
Also finish the whole course of antibiotics dont just stop once you feel better.

52
Q

Why are drugs tested on animals in preclunical testing?

A

To test efficacy and toxicity and also the best dosage to give of the new drug.

53
Q

Why are drugs tested on healthy volunteers?

A

Make sure they dont have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally.

54
Q

Why are drugs tested on people suffering from the illness?

A

To find the optimum dose where it is most effective and has the fewest side effects.

55
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance like the drug being tested but doesnt do anything.

56
Q

Why are placebos given in drugs testing?

A

So the doctor can see the actual difference the drugs makes.
It also allows for the placebo effect when the patient expecta the treatment to work and feels better even though the treatment isnt doing anything.

57
Q

Why are blind or double blind trials used in drugs testing?

A

So the doctors monitoring the patients and analysing the results arent subconciously influenced by their knowledge.

58
Q

Why is peer review used in drug testing?

A

It helps prevent false claims.

Biology (7 decks)

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