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Biology > Topic 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in an animal cell?

A 
Nucleus
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
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2
Q

What is in a plant cell?

A 
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Cell Wall 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus
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3
Q

What is in a plant cell that is not in an animal cell?

A

Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
Vacuole

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4
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll, a green substance that absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis.

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out the cell.

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

All the proteins needed for the cell are synthesised here.

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It is made of cellulose and forms a rigid non-living box around the cell to strengthen and provide support

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the activities of the cell. Contains the genes and chromosomes.

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9
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

It is a large space containing cell sap. Helps cell cells rigid to support the plant.

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10
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Liquid gel where most chemical reactions happen.

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

This is where oxygen is used and most of the energy is released during respiration.

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12
Q

What is in a bacterial cell?

A 
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm 
Plasmids
Single strand of DNA
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13
Q

What type of cell is a bacterial cell?

A

Prokaryote.

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14
Q

What type of cells are animal and plant cells?

A

Eukaryotes.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of a light microscope?

A

They are the cheaper type of microscope
Easily transportable
It is easier to use
Can look at organisms that are alive.

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16
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A

They create a more detailed image
It can be in 3D
It can be in colour.

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A

The picture quality isn’t as good

It needs a light source.

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

They are more expensive.

It is a longer and more detailed process.

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19
Q

How do you prepare a slide?

A

Add a drop of water to a clean slide.
Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers.
Use tweezers to take a fine thin layer of onion and place it into the water on the slide.
Add a drop of iodine solution it will hilight objects in a cell by adding colour to them.
Then place a cover slip on top of the specimen.

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20
Q

How do you use a light microscope?

A

Clip your prepared slide onto the stage.
Select the lowest powered objective lens.
Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens.
Look down the eyepiece.
Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is in focus.
Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob to give a clear image.
If you need greater magnification select a higher powered objective lens and refocus.

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21
Q

What equipment do you need for the microscope practical?

A 
Microscope
Tweezers
A Slide
Cover Slip
Iodine
Lamp
Safety Glasses
Onion
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22
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that can become any other cell.

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23
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

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24
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell whose structure is specialised to allow then to carry out a particular function.

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25
Q

What is the function of sperm?

A

To get the male DNA to the female DNA.

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26
Q

How is sperm specialised for reproduction?

A

It has a long tail and streamline head to help it swim to the egg.
There is alor of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed.
It also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane.

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27
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

The function of nerve cells is to carry electical signals from one part of the body to another.

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28
Q

How are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling?

A

They are long to cover more distance.

They have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form an network through the body.

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29
Q

What is the function if a muscle cell?

A

To contract quickly.

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30
Q

How are muscle cells specialised for contraction?

A

There are long meaning they have space to contract.

They have alot of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction.

31
Q

How are root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals?

A

They are on the surface of plant roots, and they grow out into long hairs that stick out into the soil.
They have a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.
Has a thin cell wall so more water can be absorbed.

32
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

To carry water from the roots to the leaves.

33
Q

How is xylem specialised for transporting substances?

A

It has a hollow structure so that water can easily flow through them.
It is waterproof so it doesnt absorb any water.
The cell wall is strong so it doesn’t collapse.

34
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

To transport food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

35
Q

How is phloem specialised to transport substances?

A

Has few subcellular structures so that things can easily pass through them.
Companion cells keep the phloem alive.

36
Q

Why are stem cells good?

A

Stem cells transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy person can replace faulty blood cells in a patient who recieves them.
Embryonic stem cells could replce faulty cells in sick people like insulin producing cells for people with diabetes, nerve cells for people paralysed with injuries.
Stem cells created from therapeutic cloning that have the same gentic information as the patient do they wouldn’t be rejected by the patients body if used to replace faulty cells.
To test drugs to see if they are safe to be given to us.

37
Q

How are embryonic cells good for stem cells?

A

They have the potential to turn into any type of cell.

38
Q

What is a risk in using stem cells for medicine?

A

Cells grown in the lab could be contaminated with a virus whichcould be passed onto the patient making them sicker.

39
Q

Why are people against stem cell research?

A

They feel human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life.
Campaigners think that scientists should concentrate more on finding other sources of stem cells so people could be helped without having to use embryos.
Some countries ban stem cell research, it is allowed in the UK under strict guidelines.

40
Q

Why are people in favour of stem cell research?

A

People think curing others who already exist and that are suffering is more important than the rights of embryos.
Embryos used in research are usually unwanted ones from fertility clinics which is it wasnt for research would be probably just destroyed.

41
Q

How can stem cells be used in plants?

A

Stem cells in plants are found in the meristem.
Can produce clones quickly and cheaply to sell.
Can stop plants going extinct.
Made disease resistant crops.

42
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and the DNA replicates.
It then goes through mitosis, a form of cell devision to create two new identical cells.
Cells spend most of their time growing (interphase)
If the cells divide too quickly or too often it can cause cancer.

43
Q

What happens during growth and DNA replication?

A

Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase the amount of organelle, such as mitochondria and ribosomes.
It then duplicates the DNA so there is one copy for each new cell. They are the exact duplicate of the other.

44
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and then they are pulled apart.
Then the two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell.
Membranes then form around eah set of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells.
Then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide.
Then two new daughter cells have been produced that contains identical DNA.

45
Q

What are the stages of therapeutic cloning?

A

The nucleus from the egg and body cells are removed and the nucleus of the body cell is put into the embryo and fused together.
The cells then divide to have the donors genetic structure and then multiplys and turn into an embryo.
The embryo is full of specialised cells with the patients genetic information so there is less risk of rejection.

46
Q

What are some advantages of therapeutic cloning?

A

It can benefit peoples way of life.
It can help people if there is not yet a cure.
It wouldnt be rejected by the persons body as it has the same genetic information.

47
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration down a concentration until equilibrium is met.

48
Q

How does concentration gradient effect the rate of diffusion?

A

The bigger the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate.

49
Q

How does temprature effect the rate of diffusion?

A

Because the particles will have more energy so they will move around faster.

50
Q

How does surface area effect the rate of diffusion?

A

It is faster because more particles can move through at once.

51
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

52
Q

What are the steps of the osmosis practical?

A

You cut up potato into identical cylinders and then get some beakers with different sugar solutions. One should be pure water and another should be a bery concentrated sugar solution.
You measure the mass of the cylinders then leave one cylinder in each beaker for 24 hours or so.
Then take them out, dry them and measure their masses again.
If the cylinders have drawn in water by osmosis they will have increased in mass, if water has drawn out they will have decreased in mass.

53
Q

What is the dependant variable in the sugar solutions practical?

A

The potato cylinder mass.

54
Q

What is the independant variable in the sugar solution practical?

A

The concentration of the sugar solution.

55
Q

What is the control variable of the sugar solution practical?

A

Temprature
Type of sugar used
Volume of solution
Time

56
Q

What errors may occur in the sugar solutions practical?

A

Potato cylinders may have not been fully dried, excess water could give a higher mass.
If water evaporated from the beakers the concentration of the sugar solutions would change.

57
Q

What is active transport?

A

It is a movement of particles from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution, against the concentration gradient. It requires energy produced during respiration.

58
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for exchanging substances?

A

Each branch of a root is covered in millions of microscopic hair, giving it a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

59
Q

How are the lungs adapted for exchanging substances?

A

Alveoli have a large surface area meaning it is fast.
It has very thin walls so the oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily pass through.
A good blood supply so it can easily exchange oxygen into the blood and take waste carbon dioxide from it.

60
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for exchanging substances?

A

It is covered in millions of tiny projections called villi.
It increases surface so digested food is absorbed much quicker into the blood.
Has a single layer of surface cells so things can be easily passed through.
A good blood supply to assist quick absorption.

61
Q

How is the structure of leaves adapted to exchange substances?

A

The flattened shape increases the surface area so that the exchange is more effective.
The stomata allows carbon dioxide to enter and for oxygen and water vapour to exit.
Guard cells close the stomata if the plants lose water faster than it is being replaced by the roots stopping it from wilting.

62
Q

How are gills adapted for exchanging substances?

A

Made with thin plates called gill filaments give big surface area.
Lamellae have blood capillaries to speed up diffusion.
Thin surface layer to minimise the distance the gases have to diffuse.
Blood and water flow in opposite directions creating a large concentration gradient
Concentration of oxygen is higher than in the blood so alot of oxygen diffuses in.

63
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes in the solution surrounding the cell is higher than inside the cell.

64
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes surrounding the cell is lower than inside the cell.

65
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes in the solution surrounding the cell is the same as inside the cell.

66
Q

What allows you to increase or decrease magnification?

A

Objective lens.

67
Q

What part a microscope do you use to focus the image?

A

Fine adjustment knob.

68
Q

What part of the microscope do you do to move the stage?

A

Coarse adjustment knob.

69
Q

How can you reduce errors in the osmosis practical?

A

By repeating the experiment and calculating a mean percentage change at each concentration.

70
Q

Why fo plants need mineral ions from the root hair cell?

A

Healthy growth.

71
Q

What is active transport used to absorb mineral ions into the root hair cell?

A

As the concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cell than in the soil so it cant use diffusion to take the mineral from the soil. Active transport allows the plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution.

72
Q

How does active transport absorb nutrients into the blood?

A

Sometimes there is a lower concentration of nutrients than there is in the blood so active transport is used so nutrients can be taken into the blood.

73
Q

How does diffusion work in the body to get rid of waste products?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred between cells and the environment during gas exchange.
Urea diffuses from the cells into the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys.

74
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise their effectiveness?

A

They hve thin membranes so they only have a short distance to diffuse.
They have a large surface area so all substances can diffuse at once.
In animal they have lots of blood vessels to get stuff in and out the blood quickly.

Biology (7 decks)

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