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Biology > Topic 5 - Homeostasis And Response > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Homeostasis And Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

What is stimuli?

A

A change in the internal and external environment.

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3
Q

What are receptors?

A

Cells that detect the stimuli.

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4
Q

What does the coordination centre do?

A

It decides what to do and organises a response.

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5
Q

What does the effector do?

A

Causes the response.

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6
Q

What does the response do?

A

Returns the body or cell to normal.

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7
Q

What is the CNS (central nervous system)?

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord.

It is connected to the body by sensory neurones and motor neurones.

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8
Q

What are sensory neurones?

A

Neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS.

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9
Q

What are the motor neurones?

A

Neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors.

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10
Q

What are the four thing homeostasis controls?

A

Blood sugar levels
Temprature
Water levels
Oxygen levels

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11
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that dont involve the conscious parts of the brain.

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12
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information in a reflex.

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13
Q

Explain the reflex arc going through the CNS.

A

Stimulis is detected by recpetors and impulses are sent to the CNS via the sensory neurone.
When it reaches the stnapse between the sensory and relay neurone it triggers chemicals to be released and impulses are sent along the relay neurone.
When it reaches the synapse between the relay and motor neurone the same happens.
The impulses travel along the motor neurone to the effector(muscle).
The muscle then contracts.

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14
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemicals involved in passing nerve impulses from one nerve cell to the nect across a synapse.

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15
Q

Explain the process of synaptic transmisson.

A

An electrical message causes neurotranmitters to move to the membrane of the sensory neurone.
Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse.
Neurotransmitters bind with specific receptors on the membrane of the next neuron.
This stimulates the post synaptic neuron to transmit the electrical impulse.

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16
Q

Describe the practical for reaction time.

A

The person tested should have their arm resting on the edge of the table.
Hold a ruler between their thumb and forefinger at the zero end of the ruler level at the thumb and finger.
Let go without warning and they catch the ruler as quickly as they can.
The higher the number the slower the reaction time.
Repeat many times and calculate the mean.

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17
Q

What is the independant variable?

A

The variable you change.

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18
Q

What is a dependant variable?

A

The variable you measure when you change the independant variable.

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19
Q

What is a control variable?

A

The things you keep the same.

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20
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland(master gland)?

A

Controls growth in children.
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxin.
Women-Stimulates ovaries to release eggs and make oestrogen.
Men-Stimulates testes to make sperm and testosterone.

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21
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland release?

A

Adrenaline.

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22
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Prepares the body for physical activity or stressful situations(fight or flight response).

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23
Q

What hormone does the testes release?

A

Testosterone.

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24
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Controls the development of male secondary characteristics amd is involved in the production of sperm.

25
Q

What hormone does the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen.

26
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Controls development of female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the mestrual cycle.

27
Q

What hormone does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxin.

28
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

Controls metabolic rate of the body (regulates how fast our food is broken down).

29
Q

What hormone does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin.

30
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Controls blood glucose levels.

31
Q

Explain what happens when glucose levels are too high.

A 
Blood with too much glucose.
Insulin secreted by pancreas.
Glucose is stored by tissues.
Glucose is stored into liver and the glucose is turned into glycogen.
Blood glucose levels are reduced.
32
Q

Explain what happens when glucose levels are too low.

A 
Blood with too little glucose.
Glucogon is secreted by pancreas.
Glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose.
Glucose is released into blood by liver.
Blood glucose levels increased.
33
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas produces little to no insulin.

34
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Where a persons bodt becomes resistant to their own insulin.

35
Q

What are some physical secondary sex characteristics?

A

Growth spurts
Women- curvier, hips widen
Growth of genetalia

36
Q

What are some hormonal secondary sex characteristics?

A

Mixed feelings
Produces sperm and egg
Menstruation begins

37
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Where the foetus grows.

38
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

A

How the egg travels to the exit.

39
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Entrance to the uterus.

40
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Recieves the sperm.

41
Q

What is the function fo the ovaries?

A

Where the egg matures/grows.

42
Q

What is stage one of the menstruation cycle?

A

Day 1-menstruation starts. The uterus ling breaks down for about four days.

43
Q

What is stage two of the menstruation cycle?

A

The uterus lining begins to build up again, from day 4 to 14 to a thick layer ready to recieved a fertilised egg.

44
Q

What is stage three of the menstruation cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released at day 14-this is ovulation.

45
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstruation cycle?

A

The wall is maintained for around 14 days and if no fertisiled egg had landed on the uterus wall the wall begins to break down and the cycle begins again.

46
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Causes the eggs in the ovary to mature.

Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.

47
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Stimules the build up/maintenence of the uterus lining.

Stimulates the release of LH.

48
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates the release of the egg during ovulation.

49
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Inhibits the release of LH and FSH.

Maintains uterus lining.

50
Q

How does oral contraceptive work?

A

Contains hormones that inhibit FSH production.

51
Q

How does surgical sterilisation work?

A

Sterilisation that prevents the production of sex cells.

52
Q

How does implants/skin patches work?

A

Slow release of progesterone.

53
Q

How does the diaphragm/cap work?

A

Placed over the cervix before sex.

54
Q

How does the intrauterine devices work?

A

Small structures inserted in the uterus. Prevents implantation of embryo.

55
Q

How do spermicidal agents work?

A

Chemicals which kill or disbale sperm.

56
Q

Describe the process of IVF.

A

The egg is taken out of the ovaries and they put it into a test tube and put the sperm in.
The egg then fertalises then is put back into the uterus.
The female is then given FSH and LH so several eggs mature.
The fertilised egg the develops into an embryo.

57
Q

What are postives of IVF?

A

Gives an infertile couple a child.
Can aid older parents.
Unused embryos can be donated for research.
Embryos can be screened for genetic disease.

58
Q

What are negatives of IVF?

A 
Can result in multiple births.
Embryos are often discarded.
Sucess rate is low.
Can be a long process so emotional for parents involved.
Very expensive.

Biology (7 decks)

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