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Biology > Topic 6 - Inheritance > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is genetic material stored?

A

The nucleus

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix structure

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A 3D structure containing DNA

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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5
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material for an organism

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6
Q

Why is it important to understand the genome?

A

To find genes which are linked to diseases , to treat inherited disorders and to understanding human migration patterns

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6
Q

What type of molecule is DNA

A

A polymer made from 4 types of nucleotide

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7
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A sugar, phosphate and base

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8
Q

What provides the code for an amino acid

A

Three nucleotides code for one amino acid

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9
Q

Explain why most mutations do not result in non-functioning enzymes

A

Some DNA is non-coding therefore some genetic mutations will not result in changes to the phenotype

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10
Q

Which bases pair together?

A

A + T
C + G

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11
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction using gametes

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12
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction without using the gametes and creating a clone

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13
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

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14
Q

What are the gametes in plants?

A

Male - pollen
Female - egg

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14
Q

What are the gametes in animals?

A

Male - sperm
Female - egg

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15
Q

Which type of reproduction leads to variation within offspring?

A

Sexual reproduction

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15
Q

How do you describe the offspring of asexual reproduction?

A

Clones

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16
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division producing genetically different gametes

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17
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A

It will produce 4 gametes which are unique

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18
Q

Outline the process of meiosis

A
  • Genetic information of cell in reproductive organ is copied.
  • Cell divides twice.
  • 4 genetically different gametes produced with single set of chromosomes
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18
Q

Name some organisms which can reproduce both sexually and asexually

A

Malarial parasites reproduce asexually in humans, but sexually in the mosquito.
Fungi reproduce asexually by spores, but also sexually to give variation. Many plants produce seeds sexually, but also reproduce asexually by runner or bulb division.

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19
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis ?

A

Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells but meiosis creates 4 gametes

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20
Q

Name some advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • produces variation in offspring, meaning a survival advantage if there is an environmental change, also can be used to human advantage in selective breeding.
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21
Q

Name some advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Only one parent is needed, more time and energy efficient as organisms, faster the sexual reproduction, many identical offspring can be produced
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22
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell?

A

23 pairs, 46 individual

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23
Q

What does the 23 pair of chromosomes determine ?

A

Sex

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24
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for a female ?

A

XX

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25
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for a male ?

A

XY

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26
Q

List two things controlled by a single gene

A

-Eye colour
-Fur colour in mice

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27
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of the same gene

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28
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that will always be expressed in the phenotype

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29
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present

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30
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genotype is the combination of alleles in an organism.

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31
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Phenotype is the observable features of an organism.

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32
Q

What is homozygous ?

A

Homozygous is two copies of the same allele.

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33
Q

What is heterozygous ?

A

Heterozygous is different copies of the allele.

34
Q

Describe Gregor Mendel’s experiments

A

He carried out selective breeding of pea plants to observe the inheritance of characteristics from parents to offspring.

35
Q

Why was the importance of Mendel’s work not recognised until after his death?

A

Scientists did not understand his work at the time

36
Q

What did Gregor Mendel’s studies conclude?

A

Inheritance of characteristics determined by ‘units’ that are passed on unchanged

37
Q

List the 2 discoveries which lead to a greater understanding of the significance of Mendel’s “units”

A

Behaviour of chromosomes in cell division
‘Units’ (now genes) were located on chromosomes
Structure of DNA

37
Q

What is polydactyly ?

A

Having extra digits (fingers of toes)

38
Q

What causes polydactyly?

A

A dominant allele

39
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

The build up of mucus on exchange surfaces

40
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

A recessive allele

41
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

Taking a sample from the embryo to determine whether it will suffer from a genetic disorder.

42
Q

What are two positives of embryo screening?

A

-Can evaluate the risk to embryo/mother
-Parents can make an informed decision about the suffering/lifestyle of their child

43
Q

What are two negatives of embryo screening?

A

-Can lead to infection and harm to embryo
-Ethical implications about terminating unhealthy embryos

44
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in characteristic of individuals in a population

45
Q

What causes new variants in a population?

A

Mutation

45
Q

Name one characteristic which is caused by genetic inheritance alone, one that is caused by the environment and one that could be a combination of the two.

A

Genetic= blood type
Both= Hair colour
Environment= scars

46
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time

47
Q

What does the theory of evolution through natural selection state?

A

All species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago

48
Q

How does evolution through natural selection occur?

A

1) Variation within a population
2) Only the best suited to their environment survive
3) Genes for these beneficial phenotypes passed on

49
Q

Define a species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

50
Q

How would a new species occur?

A

When 2 populations become so different that they can no longer breed to form fertile offspring - speciation

51
Q

How did Darwin come up with the theory of evolution?

A

1) Observations of different organisms (Galapagos Islands)
2) Experimentation
3) Discussion with other scientists
4) Developing knowledge of fossils and geology

52
Q

Why was Darwins theory not widely accepted at first?

A

1) The theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth
2) There was insufficient evidence
3) The mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published.

53
Q

Describe the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Lamarck thought that changes (variation) occured within one lifetime instead of over many generations.

54
Q

Describe the process of speciation

A

1) Two populations become isolated from each other.
2) There is natural variation between organisms
3) Different populations have different environments
4) The best suited individuals in each population survive and breed to pass on their alleles.
5) Eventually the phenotypes become so different that the two populations would be unable to reproduce successfully

55
Q

What evidence do we have for the theory of evolution ?

A

1) Fossil records
2) Observing antibiotic resistance in bacteria

56
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

1) Parts of the organism do not decay
2) Minerals replace non-decomposed parts of the organism.
3) Traces such as footprints, burrow or roots

57
Q

Why can scientists not be 100% sure about how life on earth started?

A

Many early organisms were soft bodied so decayed completely. Geological activity has destroyed evidence,

58
Q

What is extinction?

A

Where there are no individuals left of a species

59
Q

Name factors which may lead to extinction

A

1) Climate change
2) Over hunting/ fishing
3) Introduction of a new species
4) Lack of food source
5) Small population size

60
Q

Why are bacteria able to evolve rapidly ?

A

Bacteria reproduce quickly

61
Q

Name an antibiotic resistant

A

MRSA

62
Q

Explain how antibiotic resistance occurs

A

1) Bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic
2) Mutation causes variation in the bacteria population
3) Some bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic so survive and reproduce
4) Resistant population rises and spreads as people are not immune

63
Q

What can be done to reduce antibiotic resistance ?

A

1) Take the full course of antibiotics
2) Stop taking antibiotics when they are not needed

64
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance such a big problem ?

A

New treatments are needed to treat resistant strains of bacteria

65
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The process where humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

66
Q

How is selective breeding carried out ?

A

1) Parents with desired features are selected
2) Parents are forced to breed
3) Offspring have desired features
4) Repeat the process to exagerate the features

67
Q

Name 4 characteristics that have been chosen for selective breeding

A

1) Disease resistance
2) Animals that produce more meat/milk
3) Nature of domestic animals
4) Produce large flowers

68
Q

What is a risk of selective breeding?

A

Can cause inbreeding which can cause genetic faults or increase the chance of developing certain diseases.

69
Q

What is genetic engineering ?

A

A procces where the genome of an organism is modified by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic.

70
Q

Name two ways in which genetic engineering has been beneficial to mankind

A

1) Disease resistance in crops to produce more/bigger crops
2) Bacteria modified to produce insulin

71
Q

Outline the process of genetic engineering

A

1) Desired gene is identified
2) Desired gene is isolated and extracted from cell using enzymes
3) Plasmid (vector) is removed from bacteria
4) Desired gene is inserted into the plasmid
5) Modified plasmid is inserted into the bacterium
6) Modified bacterium now contains the desired gene

72
Q

What are some reasons why people are concerned about GM crops ?

A

1) The effect of GM allele on the wild populations
2) Effect on human health has not been fully explored
3) Ethical issues

73
Q

Give an example of a GM crop

A

Golden rice - contains extra vitamin A (prevents blindness)

74
Q

What is tissue culture ?

A

A small groups of cells from part of a plant taken and used to grow identical new plants

75
Q

Why is tissue culture important ?

A

It is used to preserve rare plant species

76
Q

What are cuttings ?

A

Cuttings are small parts of the plant taken and regrown to produce an idential plant to the parent.

77
Q

what are cuttings used for ?

A

Cutting are used by gardeners to produce plants quickly and cheaply

78
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

The splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.

79
Q

Explain the process of adult cell cloning

A

1) The nucleus is removed from an egg cell
2) The nucleus from an adult body cell is removed and inserted into empty egg cell
3) Electric shock stimulates the modified egg cell to divide
4) Once the embryo has developed, it is implanted into the womans uterus

80
Q

What are some positives of cloning?

A

Can reproduce individuals from a single individual
Can produce required cells/ compounds/ hormones

81
Q

What are some negatives of cloning?

A

Does not increase genetic diversity
Can have issues with disease resistance/ inbreeding
Expensive

82
Q

What is the traditional classification order ?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (kids playing chicken on freeways go splat)

83
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

There are 2 names (Genus and species) to identify the species

84
Q

What are the two developments which led to the improvement in classification systems ?

A

1) Use of microscopic technology
2) Improved understanding of biochemical processes

85
Q

What are the three domains ?

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

86
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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