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Biology > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are all organisms made from ?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What is an organ ?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

What is a tissue ?

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

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3
Q

What is an organ system ?

A

A group of organs working together o perform a specific function

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4
Q

What are the levels of organisation from smallest to largest ?

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

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5
Q

What is the purpose of digestion ?

A

It breaks down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules which can be absorbed by the bloodstream.

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6
Q

What is the role of the small intestine ?

A

It produces enzymes and is where small molecules are absorbed into the blood.

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7
Q

What is the function of the liver ?

A

It produces bile to neutralise the acidity of the stomach acid.

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7
Q

What is the role of the pancreas ?

A

It produces enzymes such as insulin

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8
Q

What is an enzyme ?

A

A biological catalyst which speeds up reactions in the body

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9
Q

What is the lock and key theory ?

A

All enzymes are specific to their substrate which fit into their active sites.

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10
Q

What is the induced fit model ?

A

Enzymes can change shape slightly to better fit a substrate.

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11
Q

What is Amylase ?

A

Amylase breaks down starch into glucose.

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12
Q

What is Protease ?

A

Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.

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13
Q

What is Lipase ?

A

Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

What is Carbohydrase ?

A

Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

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15
Q

Where is each enzyme produced ?

A

Amylase - salivary gland, pancreas and small intestine. Protease - stomach, pancreas and small intestine. Lipase - pancreas, small intestine

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16
Q

List 3 control variables for the amylase investigation and explain why they are needed.

A

Temperature, concentration of starch, concentration of amylase ;
because these will affect the rate of the reaction

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17
Q

Explain what happens to enzyme action at high temperatures

A

They denature, the heat changes the shape of the active site so they substrate no longer fits and the enzyme no longer works.

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18
Q

What happens to enzymes at the wrong pH ?

A

They denature, the heat changes the shape of the active site so they substrate no longer fits and the enzyme no longer works.

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19
Q

Explain why amylase would not work in the stomach

A

Amylase works best at pH 5/6 . The stomach contains acid, so the enzyme would be denatured in the stomach.

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20
Q

What is the reagent and positive result for glucose / sugars ?

A

Benedicts solution - Colour change blue to brick red

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21
Q

What is the reagent and positive result for starch ?

A

Iodine - Colour change orange to blue-black

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22
Q

What is the reagent and positive result for protein

A

Biuret’s solution - Colour change blue to purple

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23
Q

What is the reagent and positive result for lipids ?

A

Ethanol and water - Colour change colourless to cloudy

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24
Q

Are the enzyme tests qualitative or quantitative ?

A

They are qualitative since it shows whiter or not a substance is there - not how much of it is present.

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25
Q

What is the function of bile ?

A

Bile emulsifies fat and neutralises stomach acid

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26
Q

Where is bile stored ?

A

In the gallbladder

27
Q

What is emulsification ?

A

Breaking down into smaller particles

28
Q

How does bile help lipase to function ?

A

Emulsification increases surface area for lipase to work on. Neutralilsation makes the optimum pH for lipase to work.

29
Q

What happens in the alveoli ?

A

Gas exchange (diffusion of oxygen into the blood, diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the blood into the alveoli)

30
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygen into the bloodstream

A

Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, capillary

31
Q

Why are the alveoli surrounded by capillaries ?

A

To maintain a concentration gradient, keep oxygenated blood flowing away from the lungs.

32
Q

What is the double circulatory system ?

A

Two separate circuits- to lungs and to body. The blood passes through the heart twice.

33
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart ?

A

Right atrium Left atrium
Right ventricle Left ventricle

34
Q

What are the different functions of the right and left side of the heart ?

A

Right pumps blood to the lungs. Left pumps blood to the body.

35
Q

Where is the pacemaker located ?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

36
Q

What is a pacemaker ?

A

It controls the heart beat through electrical impulses

37
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker ?

A

An electrical device which controls the heart beat

38
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood to the tissues

39
Q

How are arteries adapted to their function ?

A

It has a narrow lumen and thick muscular walls to maintain high pressure.

40
Q

What is the function of the veins ?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

41
Q

How are veins adapted to their function ?

A

It has valves to prevent back flow of blood at low pressure

42
Q

What is the function of a capillary ?

A

To carry blood to and from the body tissues

43
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function ?

A

Walls are one cell thick so there is a short distance for diffusion.

44
Q

What are the four components of blood ?

A

Red blood cells . white blood cells, plasma and platelets

45
Q

What is the function of red blood cells ?

A

To carry oxygen

46
Q

What is the function of white blood cells ?

A

Part of the immune system- destroys pathogens

47
Q

What is the function of the platelets ?

A

Forms blood clots (scabs)

48
Q

What is the function of the plasma ?

A

To carry dissolved substances and the other components of the blood (Eg. urea)

49
Q

What organs are affected by cardiovascular disease ?

A

The heart, lungs and blood vessels

50
Q

What is the consequence how having faulty heart valves ?

A

Less blood is able to be pumped around the body, so cells do not get the substances they need

51
Q

What is the treatment for faulty valves ?

A

Replacement with biological or mechanical valves

52
Q

Describe the treatments for heart failure

A

Heart transplant, or artificial hearts

53
Q

Explain the positives and negatives of the treatments for heart failure

A

-Heart transplant can be a long term solution, but donors are sparse, and there is a danger of rejection.
-Artificial hearts are only a short term solution, but can allow hearts to rest as an aid to recovery.

54
Q

How does the heart muscle tissue get oxygen and glucose?

A

Through the coronary artery

55
Q

What causes and consequences of coronary heart disease ?

A

A build up of fatty layers in the coronary artery - preventing proper blood flow therefore the tissues do not get enough substances

56
Q

Describe two treatments for CHD

A

Statins- pills to reduce cholesterol and
Stents- tubes which keep arteries open.

57
Q

Describe a positive na negative of each treatment against CHD

A

Statins- cheap, non-invasive, no risk of infections, but need to be used long term.
Stent- Invasive, so risk of infection, but can be a long term solution.

58
Q

Describe the function of each tissue in a plant

A

Palisade mesophyll- photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll- diffusion of gases
Xylem- transport of water and minerals
Phloem- transport of sugars
Guard cells- open and close the stomata
Stomata- allow gas exchange and control water loss

59
Q

Explain how each function of the plant links to its adaptations

A

Palisade- contain many chloroplasts,
Spongy- contains air spaces
Xylem- hollow tubes
Phloem- contains cell sap and pores at each end of cell
Guard cells- can change shape

60
Q

What is meristem tissue ?

A

Undifferentiated cells in plants ( Stem cells )

61
Q

Where is the meristem tissue located ?

A

At the tips of roots and shoots

62
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their functions ?

A

Have long hairs to give a large surface area

63
Q

Function and adaptation of the xylem

A

Carry water and mineral around the plant, hollow cells forming tubes

64
Q

Function and adaptation of the phloem

A

Carry sugars around the plant. Has sap which ca move between cells via pores at each end.

65
Q

What is transpiration ?

A

Evaporation of water and loss through stomata of leaf

66
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect transpiration ?

A

1) Temperature
2) Humidity
3) Light intensity
4) Air movement / wind intensity

67
Q

What is translocation ?

A

The movement of suagrs around the plant in the phloem.

Biology (7 decks)

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