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Biology > Topic 3 - Infection and Response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health ?

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors which impact health ?

A

Disease, lifestyle genetics

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3
Q

What are communicable diseases ?

A

Caused by a pathogen, and can be spread

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4
Q

What are non-communicable diseases ?

A

Not caused by a pathogen and cannot be spread

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5
Q

What are the risks of smoking ?

A

Increases the risk of developing lung diseases, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Can also affect the mental and physical development of unborn babies while pregnant

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5
Q

What is a risk factor ?

A

Factors that increase the risk of suffering from an illness

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6
Q

What are the risks of drinking ?

A

Affects liver and brain function, affects the mental and physical development of unborn babies

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7
Q

What are the risks of a high fat, low exercise lifestyle ?

A

Increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is linked to cancer and type 2 diabetes.

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8
Q

How do scientists find risk factors ?

A

They study data and look for correlations between risk factors and disease numbers

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9
Q

What are pathogens ?

A

Micro-organisms that cause infectious diseases.

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens ?

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists

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11
Q

How do diseases spread ?

A

Through contaminated food or water, by vectors, through the air, from contaminated surfaces

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12
Q

What are 4 ways in which disease spread can be decreased or prevented ?

A

Good hygiene (hand washing), treatment of water, vaccination programmes, isolation and distancing

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13
Q

How do bacterial diseases impact the body ?

A

Bacteria produce toxins which damage tissues and make you feel ill

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14
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and treatments for salmonella ? ( + what type of disease is it ?)

A

Bacteria in uncooked poultry and eggs. Sickness and diarrhea. No treatment, but poultry are vaccinated. BACTERIAL

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15
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and treatments for gonorrhoea ? ( + what type of disease is it ?)

A

Bacteria passed through the exchange of bodily fluids. Symptoms are yellow/green discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination. Treatment with antibiotics
BACTERIAL

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16
Q

How do viral diseases affect the body ?

A

They enter living cells and reproduce causing cell damage.

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17
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and treatment of HIV? ( + what type of disease is it ?)

A

Virus transmitted by infected body fluids, e.g. blood, semen. No treatment. Leads to AIDS. Can take antiretroviral medication to decrease effects
VIRAL

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18
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and treatment of measles ? ( + what type of disease is it ?)

A

Virus transmitted in the air by droplets. Causes rash and high temperature. No treatment, but prevention by vaccination.
VIRAL

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19
Q

What causes malaria ?

A

A protists

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20
Q

How is malaria spread ?

A

Through mosquitos which act as a vector

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21
Q

What are vectors ?

A

An organism which carries and spreads a pathogen.

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22
Q

What can be done to prevent the spread of malaria ?

A

-Kill mosquitoes with pesticide
-Genetic Modification of mosquiotos so they cannot breed
-Use of mosquito nets
-Destruction of breeding grounds (still water)

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23
Q

Describe the bodies non-specific defence systems

A

-Skin acts as a barrier
-Nose, trachea and bronchi prevent entry of pathogens and eject them from the body
-Stomach contains acid to kill bacteria

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24
Q

What is the function of the immune system ?

A

To destroy pathogens which enter the body

25
Q

What is the function of phagocytes ?

A

Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens during phagocytosis.

26
Q

What is the function of antibodies ?

A

Antibodies are specific to each pathogen. They attach to pathogens and clump them together to enable them to be destroyed by phagocytes

27
Q

What are lymphocytes ?

A

A type of white blood cells which detects the antigen of pathogens and produce according antibodies.

28
Q

What are anti toxins ?

A

Antitoxins break down toxins produced by pathogens

29
Q

What is a vaccine ?

A

A dead or weakened form of the pathogen

30
Q

How do vaccines work ?

A

The lymphocytes are stimulated to make antibodies based on the antigens of the weakened pathogens therefore when the full pathogen hits, the body can produce antibodies faster and more effectively.

31
Q

What does herd immunity rely on ?

A

A large percentage of the population must be vaccinated for this to occur.

32
Q

What is a drug ?

A

A chemical which causes a change in the body.

33
Q

What is a painkiller ?

A

A drug used to treat the symptoms of diseases rather than the cause.

34
Q

What is an antibiotic ?

A

A drug used to kill bacterial pathogens inside the body. They do not work on viruses.

35
Q

How was penicillin discovered ?

A

Penicillin was discoverd by Alexander Fleming when he accidentally grew penicillium mould in his laboratory.

36
Q

What has caused an increase in antibiotic resistance ?

A

Misuse and overprescription of antibiotics for viral infections. Overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. Causes mutations and the drugs become less effective.

37
Q

Why is it hard to develop drugs against viruses ?

A

Viruses live inside living cells, so killing the virus without damaging body tissues is difficult.

38
Q

(investigating antibiotics against e-coli ) What is the independent variable ?

A

The antibiotic

39
Q

(investigating antibiotics against e-coli ) What is the dependant variable ?

A

The area of inhibition (not effected by pathogen)

40
Q

(investigating antibiotics against e-coli ) Whatare the control variables?

A

Kept control variables the same- same concentration of bacteria, same temperature, same time left for, same agar.

41
Q

What does aseptic mean ?

A

Without bacteria

42
Q

Why is using an aseptic technique important ?

A

To avoid contaminating the agar dish with microorganisms you are not culturing.

43
Q

Where did drugs originally come from?

A

Plants

44
Q

Where do digitalis and aspirin come from?

A

Digitalis comes from foxgloves. Asprin comes from willow tree bark.

45
Q

Where do drugs come from in modern times?

A

Synthesised in a lab and made in factories in the pharmacuetical industry.

46
Q

Describe the stages of drug trials

A

1) Preclinical testing - cells, tissues and animals to assess toxicity.
2) Clinical trials - healthy volunteers are given very low doses to check for side effects, then patients are tested to check efficacy and to find a dose.
3) Double blind trials are used to avoid the placebo effect.

47
Q

Describe the use of double blind trial

A

When neither the patient nor the doctor know whether the patients are given a real drug or a placebo (a fake drug). This avoids bias in the data.

48
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies ?

A

A specific antibody produced from single cloned cell

49
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

1) An antigen is injected into a mouse
2) The mouse produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen.
3) Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed.
4) The spleen cells are fused with human myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely.
5) These hybridoma cells divide and monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen

50
Q

Where are monoclonal antibodies used?

A

Measuring hormone levels in the blood, e.g. pregnancy tests, detecting pathogens, to detect spcific molecules in research by binding them to dyes. In cancer treatment.

51
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer?

A

A monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance which stops cells growing and dividing. It can deliver the substance to the cancer cells without damaging other cells.

52
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Advs: Can treat cancer without damaging other body tissues. Can produce quick, simple tests to be used at home.
Disadvs: uses have been found to more limited than expected. Produce more side effects than scientists expected.

53
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and treatment for rose black spot ?

A

Fungus, causes black spots on leaves, reduces growth as photosynthesis reduced. Treated with fungicide and removing and destroying affected leaves.

54
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and treatment for tobacco mosque virus (TMV)

A

Virus, causes mosaic discoloration on leaves, lack of growth due to lack of photosynthesis.

55
Q

Why does TMV lead to reduced plant growth?

A

Less chlorophyll, so less photosynthesis, so less glucose produced to make new cell walls.

56
Q

How can plant diseases be identified?

A

*reference to a gardening manual or
website
*taking infected plants to a laboratory
*using testing kits that contain
monoclonal antibodies.

57
Q

Describe and explain the effects of nitrate ions deficiency ?

A

Stunted growth as nitrate is needed for protein synthesis, so lack of proteins leads to lack of growth.

58
Q

Describe and explain the effects of magnesium ion deficiency?

A

Chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves) as magnesium is required for chlorphyll production.

59
Q

Explain the physical defences of plants?

A

*Cellulose cell walls.
*Tough waxy cuticle on leaves.
*Layers of dead cells around stems which fall off.

60
Q

Describe the chemical defences of plants ?

A

*Antibacterial chemicals.
*Poisons to deter herbivores.

61
Q

Describe the mechanical defences of plants?

A

*Thorns and hairs deter animals.
*Leaves which droop or curl when touched.
*Mimicry to trick animals.

Biology (7 decks)

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