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Biology > Topic 1 - Cells > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are living things made of ?

A

Cells

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A cell with a membrane bound nucleus (Eg. Plants and Animals)

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell without a membrane bound nucleus (Eg. Bacteria)

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4
Q

What is the difference between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell ?

A

Eukaryotic have a nucleus whilst Prokaryotic cells have free DNA and rings of DNA called plasmids

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5
Q

What is the size difference between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells are 100x larger

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6
Q

What are the differences between and animal and plant cell

A

Plant cells have; a vacuole filled with cell sap, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a cell wall for structural integrity

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7
Q

Roles of chloroplast, mitochondria and ribosomes

A

Chloroplast - Site of photosynthesis
Mitochondria - Site of respiration
Ribosome - Site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

Roles of nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm

A

Nucleus - stores genetic information
Cell Membrane - Controls what goes in and out the cell
Cytoplasm - the site of chemical reactions

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9
Q

Roles of the cell wall, vacuole and flagellum

A

Cell wall - maintains the structure of the cell
Vacuole - contains cell sap (a mixture of dissolved ed sugar)
Flagellum - allows cells to move more efficiently

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10
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes specialised to a certain role

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11
Q

When does differentiation happen?

A

Animals - at the early stages of embryo development
Plants - at any point within their lives

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12
Q

What is a specialised cell? (and example)

A

A cell that has been adapted to enable it to complete a specific job (Eg. Sperm cell, Root hair cell)

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13
Q

How have sperm, nerve and muscle cells been adapted to their function?

A

Sperm - Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the swimming and a flagellum to move faster.
Nerve - Surrounded by insulation (myelin sheith) to ensure electrical impulses stay in the cell
Muscle - Can change shape to contract and relax

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14
Q

How have root hair cells, the xylem and phloem adapted to their function?

A

Root hair - Long hair like structures to increase SA for absorbing nutrients from the soil
Xylem - Hollow cells to transport water
Phloem - companion cells to provide energy for active transport and sieve plates

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15
Q

What is magnification ?

A

Magnification is the ability of the microscope to make an object appear larger

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16
Q

What is resolution ?

A

The detail which can be seen in a magnified object, higher resolution means more detail.

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17
Q

What is the difference between a light and electron microscope ?

A

Electron - Much higher resolution and higher magnification so sub cellular structures can be seen
Light - Cheaper

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17
Q

Total magnification calculation

A

Total magnification = eye piece lens x objective lens

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18
Q

How thick should a specimen on a slide be ?

A

As thin as possible - ideally 1 cell thick

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19
Q

Why should specimens be as thin as possible ?

A

So that light can pass through the cell so we can see inside it.

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20
Q

Why do we use iodine to stain the cells ?

A

The stain helps us differentiate between the sub-cellular structures of the cell

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20
Q

How do you draw cells ?

A

No shading
Straight lines
Note down the magnification
Annotate what you can see

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21
Q

What is the process of making an onion cell ?

A

1) Place a thin sample on a slide (1 cell thick)
2) Add a drop of iodine
3) Carefully add cover slip at an angle to avoid bubbles

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22
Q

What is a micrometer ?

A

1/1000th of a millimetre

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23
Q

What is the equation that links magnification, image size and actual size?

A

magnification = image size / actual size

24
Q

Difference between adult and embryonic stem cells

A

Adult - can only differentiated into certain types of cells
Embryonic - Can differentiate into any type of cell

25
Q

What are stem cells ?

A

Undifferentiated cells

26
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants ?

A

Meristem tissue - tips of roots and shoots

27
Q

Where are stem cells found in humans ?

A

Bone marrow

28
Q

Uses of stem cells in plants and animals

A

Animals - treating disease using bone marrow and therapeutic cloning
Plants - Produces lots of identical crops to prevent extinction.

29
Q

Whta is therapeutic cloning ?

A

When an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient, so they can be used for medical treatment without rejection

30
Q

Risks of using stem cells

A

Viral diseases can be spread and there are ethical issues involving embryos.

31
Q

What are chromosomes ?

A

Long stands of DNA

32
Q

Where are chromosomes found ?

A

In the nucleus

33
Q

Describe the 3 stages of the cell cycle

A

Stage 1: cell grows, DNA replicates and sub cellullar structures multiply.
Stage 2: Chromosomes and copies line up down centre of the cell and are pulled to either side. New nuclear membranes form.
Stage 3: cytoplasm divides and new cell membranes form.

34
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

The growth and repair of tissues

35
Q

What are the products of mitosis ?

A

Two identical daughter cells (clones)

36
Q

What causes cancer ?

A

Uncontrolled cell division

37
Q

What are benign tumours ?

A

Abnormal growth of cells contained in one area which do not invade neighbouring tissues.

38
Q

What are malignant tumours ?

A

Cancerous growths which invade neighbouring tissues and can spread to other parts of the body to form secondary tumours.

39
Q

How does cancer spread ?

A

Parts of tumours which aren’t restricted to a membrane break off and travel through the bloodstream.

40
Q

What can increase the chance of cancer ?

A

Genetics and Lifestyle

41
Q

What is diffusion ?

A

The movement of particle form an are of high concentration to low concentration

42
Q

Examples of diffusion in plants and animals

A

Plants - CO2 diffuses into the leaf, O2 diffuses out
Animals - O2 diffuses from lungs to blood, CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs

43
Q

What 3 things can increase the rate of diffusion ?

A

1) Temperature
2) Surface area
3) Concentration gradient

44
Q

How do you work of the the surface area to volume ratio ?

A

Surface area / volume

45
Q

How are single cell organisms adapted for diffusion ?

A

High surface area to volume ratio so all parts of the cell are close to the outside, short diffusion pathway.

46
Q

What is exchange in cells ?

A

Substances diffusing in and out of cells

47
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need specialised exchange systems ?

A

They have small SA:V so need organs to bring substances from outside to the internal cells.

48
Q

What are the three features of gills, lungs and the small intestine ?

A

Large surface area, lots of blood vessels and thin membranes

49
Q

How do these feature help with diffusion?

A

Large surface area - lots of diffusion at once.
Thin membranes - short diffusion pathway/distance. Lots of blood vessels - maintain a concentration gradient.

50
Q

What is osmosis ?

A

The movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

51
Q

What happens in dilute solutions ?

A

They absorb water by osmosis and expand. Animal cells will burst.

52
Q

What happens in concentrated solutions

A

Water leaves the cells by osmosis and they will shrink

53
Q

What happens to a plant tissue in a dilute solution ?

A

It will gain mass and length

54
Q

What happens to plant tissue in a concentrated solution ?

A

It will lose mass and length

55
Q

How do you find percentage change in mass ?

A

change in mass / starting mass x 100

56
Q

What is active transport ?

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

57
Q

What are the differences between diffusion and active transport?

A

Active transport requires energy
Active transport goes against a concentration gradient

58
Q

Active transport in plants (example)

A

Some mineral ions are absorbed against the concentration gradient.

59
Q

Active transport in humans (example)

A

Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood

Biology (7 decks)

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