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Biology Unit 1 AS > Topic 6 Cell Division > Flashcards

Topic 6 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division which produces two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell which provides genetic stability

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2
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division which produces four haploid daughter cells that are genetically different to each other and the parent cell. The daughter cells are used to form gametes used for sexual reproduction

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3
Q

What are Genes

A

Specific regions of DNA in the chromosomes which codes for one polypeptide

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4
Q

What is a chromosome made up of

A

2 identical chromatids joined by a centromere

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5
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Long sections of DNA,proteins and a small amount of RNA

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6
Q

What is a cell with a full number of chromosomes known as

A

Diploid

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7
Q

What is a cell with half the number of chromosomes known as

A

Haploid

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8
Q

What does diploid mean

A

A cell with a full number of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the centromere

A

The region on a chromosome that joins the two chromatids together

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10
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One of the two strands of genetic material that make up a chromosome

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11
Q

What are haploid cells used for

A

Gametes in sexual reproduction

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12
Q

What is the stage in the cell cycle where the cell is not undergoing cell division

A

Interphase

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13
Q

What happens in interphase

A

The DNA is doubled by semi conservative replication and chromosomes are replicated so each consists of two chromatids joined by a centromere

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14
Q

Chromosomes are not visible in interphase ??

A

True

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15
Q

Why Is it wrong to regard the cell as resting in interphase

A

Processes still occur including DNA replication, protein synthesis, ATP is synthesised and new organelles are produced. As well as this the amount of DNA is doubled, this is essential for mitosis to occur

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16
Q

Which stage is the longest stage of mitosis

A

Prophase

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17
Q

Which stage is the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

Interphase - accounts for 80%

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18
Q

What processes occur during interphase

A

DNA replication
New organelles are produced
Protein synthesis
ATP is synthesised

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19
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division which produces two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell which provides genetic stability

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20
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division which produces four diploid daughter cells that are genetically different to each other and the parent cell. The daughter cells are used to form gametes used for sexual reproduction

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21
Q

What are Genes

A

Specific regions of DNA in the chromosomes which codes for one polypeptide

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22
Q

What is a chromosome made up of

A

2 identical chromatids joined by a centromere

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23
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Tightly coiled length of DNA and a protein

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24
Q

What is a cell with a full number of chromosomes known as

A

Diploid

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25
Q

What is a cell with half the number of chromosomes known as

A

Haploid

26
Q

What does diploid mean

A

A cell with a full number of chromosomes

27
Q

What is the centromere

A

The region on a chromosome that joins the two chromatids together

28
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One of the two strands of genetic material that make up a chromosome

29
Q

What are haploid cells used for

A

Gametes in sexual reproduction

30
Q

What is the stage in the cell cycle where the cell is not undergoing cell division

A

Interphase

31
Q

What happens in interphase

A

The DNA is doubled by semi conservative replication and chromosomes are replicated so each consists of two chromatids joined by a centromere

32
Q

Chromosomes are not visible in interphase ??

A

True

33
Q

Why Is it wrong to regard the cell as resting in interphase

A

Processes still occur including DNA replication, protein synthesis, ATP is synthesised and new organelles are produced. As well as this the amount of DNA is doubled, this is essential for mitosis to occur

34
Q

Which stage is the longest stage of mitosis

A

Prophase

35
Q

Which stage is the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

Interphase - accounts for 80%

36
Q

What processes occur during interphase

A

DNA replication
New organelles are produced
Protein synthesis
ATP is synthesised

37
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

Growth of organisms, repair or damaged tissues, and the replacement of dead cells. And asexual reproduction in some plants, and it provides genetic stability

38
Q

What is the result of uncontrolled cell division

A

Tumours are formed

39
Q

What is a tumour

A

Abnormal mass of tissue

40
Q

What happens during prophase in mitosis

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes which are referred to as pairs of chromatids joined at the centromere. The spindle develops and the nucleous disappears

41
Q

What happens during metaphase in mitosis

A

The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and the spindle fibre attach to he chromosomes at the centromere

42
Q

What happens during anaphase in mitosis

A

The spindle fibres contract and centromere splits and the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

43
Q

What happens during telephone in mitosis

A

Chromosomes unwind back to chromatin, the spindle breaks down and the nuclear envelope reforms around each group of chromosomes

44
Q

What happens at the end of telephone

A

The cell divides by cytokinesis which forms two genetically identical daughter cells with half the amount of DNA

45
Q

What happens in cytokinesis of an animal cell

A

Pinching in of the plasma membrane

46
Q

What happens in the cytokinesis of a plant cell

A

A cell plate forms between the dividing cells forming the new cell wall of two cells

47
Q

how many haploid cells are produced after meiosis

A

4

48
Q

What happens during prophase I

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down . each chromosome is made up of two identical chromatids joined together by the centromere. Chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs. Two chromosomes in homologous pairs form a bivalent. The chromatid’s homologous chromosomes touch at points called chiasmata.
The centrioles begin to produce the proteins for the micro tube that will form the spindle

49
Q

What happens in metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes randomly arrange themselves alone the equator of the spindle. Spindle fibres attach to the chromosome at the centromere

50
Q

What happens at anaphase I

A

The sprinkle fibres contract and the homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. The centromere does not split, so the chromatids are not pulled apart therefore the chromosomes remain intact

51
Q

What happens in telephase I

A

The chromosomes unwind back to chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforms around each group of haploid chromosomes

52
Q

What happens at the end of telephase I

A

Cytokinesis occurs and 2 new cells are produced

53
Q

What happens in prophase II

A

Spindle forms at right angles to the spindle in meiosis I

54
Q

What happens in metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator

, each chromosome is attached the spindle at the centromere

55
Q

What happens in anaphase II

A

Spindle fibres contact and the centromere splits the ,chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the poles

56
Q

What happens in telephase II

A

Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle disappears, cytokinesis occurs and each cell produces 2 new cells

57
Q

What are the sources of genetic information and where do they occur

A

Crossing over , occurs during prophase I
Independent assortment,during metaphase I
Mixing of parental chromosomes at fertilisation

58
Q

What happens at crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes in a bivalent swap genes at points called chiasmata

59
Q

What happens in independent assortment

A

Homologous chromosomes in bivalent a arrange themselves randomly at the equator this is a random distribution

60
Q

What happens at the mixing of parental chromosomes at fertilisation

A

The chromosomes of both parent cells are mixed to form the diploid zygote

Biology Unit 1 AS (6 decks)

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