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Biology Unit 1 AS > Topic 5- Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Topic 5- Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

The basic unit from which nucleic acids are formed. They are a combination of a phosphate a pentose sugar and an organic nitrogenous base

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2
Q

What are the three components that make up a nucleotide

A

A phosphate group
A pentose sugar
And an organic nitrogenous base

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3
Q

How do the components of a nucleotide come together

A

Via two condensation reactions with the removal of a water molecule
Condensation to join the phosphate group to the pentode sugar and a condensation joining the pentode sugar and the organic nitrogenous base - forming a Single nucleotide

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4
Q

Where do the condensation reactions occur in the formation of a nucleotide

A

A condensation reaction between the phosphate group r and the pentose sugar and a condensation reaction between the pentose sugar and the nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Polymers made up of many units of monomers called nucleotides

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6
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine-tri-phosphate

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7
Q

What is ATP known as

A

The universe energy of currency

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8
Q

Describe the three advantages of ATP for its function as the universal source of energy

A

It’s soluble so diffuses easily across the cell membrane and hence can be transported around the cell easily
It is an immediate source of energy as only one type of enzyme is needed to hydrolyse it
And it realises energy in a useable amount that are matched closely to the energy required in a couple reaction

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9
Q

Name cellular activities requiring ATP

A

Active transport
Protein synthesis
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction

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10
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

Phosphorylated RNA nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base adenine joined to a ribose sugar and three phosphate groups

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11
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid

A

Deoxyribosenucleic acid

And ribonucleic acid

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12
Q

What are the pyramidine bases

A

Cytosine uracil thymine

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13
Q

What are the purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

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14
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases in DNA

A

Thymine and cytosine

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15
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases in RNA

A

Uracil and thymine

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16
Q

What structure is pyrimidine bases

A

Single ring structure

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17
Q

What is the structure of a purine base

A

Double ring structure

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18
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Millions of nucleotides linked together to form a long chain called a polynucleotide. These two polynucleotide chains wind together to form a double helix

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19
Q

How is a polynucleotide formed

A

When the nucleotide join together via condensation reactions between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group the deoxyribose of one sugar forms a bond via a condensation reaction with the phosphate group of another nucleotide to forms a sugar phosphate backbone

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20
Q

In a polynucleotide strand where do the bases attach

A

The bases attach to the sugar phosphate backbone

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21
Q

How is the double helix of DNA formed

A

The two polynucleotides are wound together and held by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

22
Q

How are the two polynucleotides held together

A

Hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous bases

23
Q

Why is complimentary base pairing important

A

It ensures the DNA replicates correctly
It ensures the same proportion of A and T is in a DNA molecule and the same proportion of G and C
It ensures the polynucleotide strands are anti parallel to each other

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between G and C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

25
Q

How many bonds are there between A and T

A

2 bonds

26
Q

How many polynucleotide strands make up DNA

A

2

27
Q

What are the main functions of DNA

A

Replication and proving the code for protein synthesis

28
Q

What forms the backbone of a DNA strand

A

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

29
Q

What is the term used to describe how the bases pair up

A

Complimentary base pairing

30
Q

Write out the process of DNA replication

A

Check book for answer

31
Q

Why is it called semi conservative DNA replication

A

Because each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly formed strand

32
Q

What is the section of DNA that codes for one polypeptide called

A

Gene

33
Q

How many amino acids are there in total

A

20

34
Q

Describe the structure of RNA

A

A single stranded polynucleotide

35
Q

What is the pentose sugar used in RNA

A

Ribose

36
Q

What is the pentose sugar used in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

37
Q

How many types of RNA are there

A

Three

38
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA

39
Q

Where is messenger RNA formed

A

In the nucleus

40
Q

How is mRNA formed

A

In the nucleus by transcription of a strand of DNA

41
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Carried the code for the polypeptide chain that will be formed in translation of protein synthesis

42
Q

How does mRNA exit the nucleus

A

Through the nuclear pore

43
Q

Where is rRNA found

A

In the cytoplasm

44
Q

What is rRNA

A

Component of ribosome, combined with protein to form the ribosome

45
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Transports amino acids to the ribosome for translation

46
Q

What are the 2 features of tRNA

A

It has anti codon and an amino acid binding site

47
Q

What is the word used to describe the shape of tRNA molecules

A

Clover leaf shape

48
Q

Who proposed the semi conservative hypothesis

A

Meselson and stahl

49
Q

In DNA replication what enzyme is used to break the hydrogen bonds

A

DNA helicase

50
Q

What enzyme catalyses the addition of free DNA nucleotides to the exposed bases

A

DNA polymerase

51
Q

What is the end product of DNA replication

A

Two identical DNA molecules each made up of one newly synthesised chain and one chain from the original molecule

52
Q

How does one amino acid differ from another

A

The allkyl group

Biology Unit 1 AS (6 decks)

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