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Biology Unit 1 AS > Topic 1-Basic Biochemistry And Cell Structure > Flashcards

Topic 1-Basic Biochemistry And Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

The four inorganic ions

A

Calcium Ca2+
Magnesium Mg2+
Iron (11) Fe2+
Phosphate PO43-

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2
Q

What does carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon oxygen hydrogen

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3
Q

What are the two main functions of carbohydrates

A

Source of energy in plants and animals

Structural role in plant cell walls

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4
Q

Why are monosaccharides called isomers

A

They have the same formula but have different molecular structure

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5
Q

What is the difference between an Alpha glucose and a Beta glucose

A

The H and the OH are reversed on Carbon 1

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6
Q

How is a disaccharide formed

A

Formed when two monosaccharides are linked together by a condensation reaction with the removal of one water molecule forming a glycosidic bond

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7
Q

What disaccharide is formed with A glucose and a glucose

A

Maltose

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8
Q

What disaccharide is formed with A glucose and B fructose

A

Sucrose

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9
Q

What disaccharide is formed with B glucose and B galactose

A

Lactose

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10
Q

Five organic ions

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur

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11
Q

How is a polysaccharide formed

A

From very large numbers of monosaccharide units linked together by condensation reactions

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12
Q

How is a disaccharide broken down

A

By a hydrolysis reaction . A water molecule is added

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13
Q

What is amylose

A

Long chain molecule made up of a alpha glucose monomer joined by a1,4 glycosidic bonds and forms an alpha helix. Held together by hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What is amylopectin

A

Highly branched molecule made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by a1,4 glycosidic bonds which also has side chains formed by a 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

What is Glycogen

A

The energy storage carbohydrate of animals

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16
Q

What does glycogen consist of

A

Long branched chains of glucose monomers linked by 1,4 or 1,6 glycosidic links

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17
Q

Why are starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides

A

Because the glycosidic bond is already hydrolysed

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18
Q

What is chitin

A

A tough modified polysaccharide made up of chains of beta glucose molecules

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19
Q

How does chitin differ to cellulose

A

It is almost the same as cellulose however the OH group at carbon 2 is replaced by a nitrogen containing group (NH CO CH3)

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20
Q

Why do insects have an chitin exoskeleton

A

It’s strong and waterproofing

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21
Q

Name a storage polysaccharide found in animals

A

Glycogen

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22
Q

Name a storage polysaccharide found in plants

A

Starch

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23
Q

What do lipids contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but with a much less oxygen content that carbohydrates

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24
Q

What are the properties of lipids

A

Insoluble in water
Fats are solids at room temperature
Oils are liquids at room temperature

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25
Q

How are lipids formed

A

By a condensation reaction between glycerol and molecules of fatty acids

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26
Q

What is the general formula of a lipid

A

RCOOH

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27
Q

What represents the R in

Lipids

A

The allkyl group

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28
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

Formed when a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids join together

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29
Q

What is the bond found in a lipid

A

Ester bond

30
Q

How is a phospholipid formed

A

When one of the fatty acid groups of a triglyceride is replaced by a phosphate group

31
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

A

Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and only single bonds between carbon atoms . Formed with straight chains. Tend gone solids at room temperature

32
Q

How is a unsaturated fatty acids formed

A

Contain some double bonded carbon atoms and have fewer number of hydrogen atoms
They have kinks in the straight chains
Tend to be liquids at room temperature

33
Q

How many amino acids make up proteins

34
Q

Why do we get different amino acids

A

Because of the allkyl group ‘r’ group

35
Q

What do proteins contain

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen

36
Q

What are the two groups in a protein

A

An amino group and a carboxyl group

37
Q

What is the amino group in an amino acid

A

The positive side of the amino acid, NH2

38
Q

What is the carboxyl side of an amino acid

A

The negative side of the amino acid

COOH

39
Q

Describe the primary level of a protein

A

It is a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds

40
Q

What is the bonding in a primary structure of a protein

41
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

The polypeptide chain is folded into an alpha helix, held in place by hydrogen bonds between the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chain

42
Q

What is the bonding in a secondary structure of a protein

43
Q

What is the importance of magnesium in plants

A

It used to form the green pigment chlorophyll

44
Q

What is the importance of iron

A

It’s is a component of haemoglobin, which is used to transport oxygen around the blood

45
Q

What is the importance of calcium

A

It is used to strengthen teeth and bones and cell walls in plants

46
Q

What is the importance of phosphate

A

Used to form phospholipids which make up cell membranes

47
Q

How does the structure of glucose differ from DNA

A

Glucose is a hexose sugar, which has 6 carbon atoms

DNA is a pentode sugar and has 5 carbon ATMs

48
Q

Which biochemical test could be used to determine if a protein is present in a solution (1 mark)

A

A biuret test

49
Q

Why is water described as a polar molecule

A

Because it has a slight uneven distribution of electrical charge with slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged oxygen atoms

50
Q

Why are there cohesion forces between water molecules?

51
Q

What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide

52
Q

What is an isomer

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structure

53
Q

What is a polymer

A

A large chain molecule made of repeating units called monomers

54
Q

What is the main difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

The H and the OH on carbon atom number one are reversed

55
Q

What property of water ,means that cells have a relatively consistent internal temperature

A

High specific heat capacity

56
Q

Which polysaccharide is used for storage in animals

57
Q

Which bonds give cellulose fibres their strength

A

Hydrogen bonds

58
Q

How does chitin differ from other polysaccharides

A

Contains a nitrogen containing group

59
Q

What is the bond in a triglyceride called

A

Ester bond

60
Q

Give examples of globular proteins

A

Enzymes and hormones

61
Q

Give examples of fibrous proteins

A

Keratin and collagen

62
Q

Describe fibrous proteins

A

Structural proteins with a secondary structure that are insoluble in water

63
Q

Describe globular proteins

A

Have a tertiary or quaternary structure, and a metabolic function. They are soluble in water

64
Q

Describe the biochemical test for a protein

65
Q

Describe the biochemical test for a reducing sugar

A

Write it out

66
Q

Describe the biochemical for a non reducing sugar

A

Write it out

67
Q

Describe the biochemical test for a lipid

A

Write it out

68
Q

Name a protein that has a quaternary structure and give its function

A

Haemoglobin, transport oxygen in red blood cells

69
Q

What are the two types of secondary structure

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

70
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

The type number and sequence of amino acids that form a polypeptide, joined by peptide bonds

Biology Unit 1 AS (6 decks)

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