topic 6 Flashcards
what is meant by a homologous series
a group of chemical properties and can be represented by the same general formula
what is meant by a functional group
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound
what is a structural isomer
one or more compounds that contain the same number and kinds of atoms but have a different arrangement
what is stereoisomerism
isomers that have the same molecular formula but a different orientation/ spatial arrangement
what is the limitations of free radical substitution in the synthesis of haloalkanes
formation of a mixture of products -> unwanted products
what are sigma and pi bonds and how does it apply to alkenes
alkenes have a C-C double bond which contains 1 pi and 1 sigma bond
restricted rotation in alkenes
what is a sigma bond
a bond formed by the direct overlap of orbitals which leads to a high electron density between the nuclei of both of the atoms
what is a pi bond
a bond formed by the sideways overlapping of orbitals with the electron density concentrated above and below
the plane of the nuclei
draw a diagram to show pi and sigma bonding in an alkene
what is an electrophile
an electron deficient species and accepts electrons from an electron rich species
seeks out a negative centre
how can alkanes be formed
what conditions does it require
alkene + hydrogen -> alkane
nickel catalyst needed
how can dihalogenoalkanes be formed
alkene + halogen -> dihalogenoalkane
how can halogenoalkane be formed
alkene +hydrogen halide -> halogenoalkane
how can alcohols be produced and what condition is needed
alkenes + steam -> alcohol
in the presence of an acid catalyst
halide could go to primary or secondary carbocation if added to asymmetrical alkene
how can a diol be produced and what conditions is needed
potassium manganate (VII) + alkene -> diol
in acidic conditions
what is the reaction of haloalkane with aqueous potassium hydroxide- draw the mechanism
produces alcohols
hydroxide ion acts as a nucleophile
what is the mechanism for the reaction between a primary halogenoalkane + ammonia
halogenoalkane + ethanolic potassium hydroxide
alkene
elimination reaction
reflux
