topic 15 Flashcards
where are the d block elements on the periodic table
d block elements are the in the middle of the periodic table
what is a transition metal
a transition metal is a d block element that can form at least one stable ion with partially filled incomplete d-subshell
recall the transition metals
titanium
vanadium
chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
nickel
copper
how many electrons can a d sub-shell hold
10
what is an atomic orbital
a space in which the chance of an electron occurring is at its highest level
why are zinc and scandium not transition elements
this is because they dont form a stable ion with a partially filled d-subshell
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of titanium
[Ar] ->
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of vanadium
[Ar]
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of chromium
[Ar]
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of manganese
[Ar]
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of iron
[Ar]
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of cobalt
[Ar]
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of nickel
[Ar]
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of copper
[Ar]
how do the subshells fill up and why
Which shell fills up first
the subshells fill up singly before pairing up due to the electrons repelling each other
4s fills up first
why does one of the 4s electrons in chromium go to the 3d orbital
because it has the opportunity to have a half full subshell which is stable
why does the last electron in manganese go to the 4s orbital
its lower in energy
why does the electron from the 4s orbital in copper go to the 3d orbital
forms a full 3d subshell which is more stable than the electron being in the 4s orbital
why does the copper and chromium electrons move from the 4s to the 3d orbital
to create a more stable half full or full 3d subshell
why is scandium not a transition element
- scandium only forms one stable ion Sc3+
- Sc3+ it has an empty d-subshell → since its not partially filled (when its an ion) its not a transition element
recall the box notation for scandium and Sc3+
why is zinc not a transition element
- zinc only forms one stable ion → Zn2+
- Zn2+ has a full d-subshell
- since its not partially filled its not a transition element
recall the box notation for the electronic configuration of zinc and Zn2+
how do transition metals lose electrons
always lose e- from the 4s orbital first
recall the properties of transition metals
variable oxidation states to form coloured ions in solution
are good catalysts
can form complex ions
have high mtp and bpts
why do transition metals have variable oxidation states
because their d-orbitals are never fully filled so they can accommodate more electrons
why are electrons lost and gained from transition metals using a similar amount of energy
because the electrons sit in the 4s and 3d energy levels which are very close
why do transition metals have various different colours
when they form ions (lose e-) they have various different colours
recall the different ions that vanadium can form
V2+
V3+
VO 2+
VO2 +
recall the different ions that chromium can form
Cr3+
Cr2O7 2-
recall the different ions that manganese can form
Mn2+
MnO4 2-
MnO4 -
recall the different ions that iron can form
Fe2+
Fe3+
recall the ions that cobalt can form
Co2+
recall the ions that nickel can form
Ni2+
recall the ions that copper can form
Cu2+
recall the ions that titanium can form
Ti2+
Ti3+
what are the colours of vanadiums ions when dissolved in water
V2+ → violet
V3+→ green
VO 2+ → blue
VO2 + → yellow
what are the colours of chromium ions when dissolved in water and explain the colour for the Cr3+ ion
Cr3+ → green/violet
- its violet when its surrounded by 6H2O ligands
- they are normally substituted so usually look green
Cr2O7 2- → orange
what are the colours of manganese’s ions when dissolved in water
Mn2+ → pale pink
MnO4 2- → green
MnO4- → purple
what are the colours of irons ions when dissolved in water
Fe2+ → pale green
Fe3+ → yellow
what are the colours of cobalts ions when dissolved in water
Co2+ → pink
what are the colours of nickels ions when dissolved in water
Ni2+ → green
what are the colours of coppers ions when dissolved in water
Cu2+ → blue
what are the colours of titaniums ions when dissolved in water
Ti2+ → violet
Ti3+ → blue
what is a complex ion
a complex ion is where a central transition metal ion is surrounded by ligands bonded by dative covalent bonds
what are ligands
ligands have at least 1 lone pair of electrons where they are used to form dative covalent bonds with the metal
ligands are lewis bases and nucleophiles
the lone pair in the ligand is used to fill the d orbital of the transition metal ion
draw the general structure of a complex ion
- square brackets show the full complex and the overall charge of the complex sits outside of the brackets
- complex ions can come in different shapes as well
what can ligands be
they can be monodentate, bidentate or polydentate
what are monodentate ligands and give examples
- ligands that can only form a single coordinate bond
- example H2O, NH3, CL-, OH-, Br-, I-
only one atom in the molecule has the lone pair of electrons
- example H2O, NH3, CL-, OH-, Br-, I-
what are bidentate ligands
ligands that have 2 atoms in the molecule which have a lone pair of electrons are called bidentate ligands and can therefore form 2 coordinate bonds
give two examples of bidentate ligands and draw their structure
what is a multidentate ligand
contain more than 2 atoms that donate pairs of electrons to form coordinate bonds
give an example of a multidentate ligand
EDTA+→ can form 6 coordinate bonds with the central metal ion
ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
what does the shape of a complex ion depend on
the shape is dependent on the size of the ligand and the coordination number
what is the coordination number
the number of coordinate bonds in a complex (not the number of ligands)
using the example of EDTA+ explain what a coordination number is
EDTA+ can form 6 coordinate bonds but theres only one ligand → so the coordination number of this complex is 6 not 1
how many small ligands can you fit around a central metal ion
- some ligands are small so you can fit 6 of them around a central metal ion
- e.g water, ammonia, hydroxide ions
how many large ligands can you usually fit around a central metal ion
some ligands are larger so you can only fit 4 of them around the central metal ion
how many bidentate ligands can you fit around a central metal ion
ethanedioate and ethane-1,2-diamine are larger → normally you have 3 of these around a central metal ion
which complex ions form octahedral shapes and give the bond angle
complexes with a coordination number of 6 form octahedral shapes
all bond angles in an octahedral complex are 90 degrees
draw and name 2 examples of complex ions with an octahedral shape using the example of covalt
which complexes form a tetrahedral or square planar shape
complexes with a coordination number of 4 form tetrahedral and square planar
draw and name an example of a tetrahedral complex ion and the bond angle
draw the structure of cis-platin and give the bond angle
bond angles in a square planar complex are always 90 degrees
trans-platin-> CL is opposite
used in cancer treatment
what are the charges of complexes
complexes always have an overall charge which is the same as its total oxidation state
how do you calculate the total oxidation state of the metal in the complex
total oxidation state of the complex - total oxidation state of the ligands
give an example of a total oxidation state calculation using [CuCl4]2+
what is haem an example of and what is it used for
- haem is a multidentate ligand that is found in haemoglobin
- it is a protein used to transport oxygen around the body in blood
what is the structure of haemoglobin
- the structure is octahedral
- one of the coordinate bonds come from a large protein called globin
- the final coordinate bond comes from either an oxygen or water molecule
- 4 of the nitrogens which are circled comes from a multidentate ligand called haem
how does haemoglobin work
- oxygen substitutes the water ligand (happens in the lungs) → where oxygen conc. is high to form oxyhaemoglobin which is transported around the body
- oxygen binds on top
- taken to muscles to allow respiration to occur
- oxyhaemoglobin gives up oxygen to a place where its needed
- water takes the place and haemoglobin returns back to the lungs → process starts again
- we breathe out water vapour as well as is one of the products of respiration
what is carbon monoxide
- carbon monoxide → poisonous gas
- causes headaches, unconsciousness and even death
what happens is carbon monoxide if inhaled
if carbon monoxide is inhaled → water ligand is replaced with a carbon monoxide ligand
- carbon monoxide bonds strongly → so its not readily replaced by oxygen or water
- this means oxygen cant be transported → carbon monoxide transported instead
- leads to oxygen starvation which is why CO is poisonous
- unconsciousness→ not enough oxygen going to the brain
draw the structure of carbon monoxide bonded to haemoglobin
what can complex ions show
- complex ions show optical isomerism
- complexes are optical isomers when they are non superimposable images
- can also show cis-trans isomerism
which type of complex shows optical isomerism- draw an example
octahedral complexes (which have 6 coordinate bonds) with 3 bidentate ligands show optical isomers such as the one above
what kind of complexes can show cis-trans isomerism
octahedral complexes with 4 ligands of the same type and 2 ligands of a different type display cis-trans isomerism
square planar complexes with 2 ligands of the same type and 2 ligands of a different type display cis-trans isomerism
give an example of an octahedral complex which shows cis-trans isomerism
- if the 2 different ligands are opposite each other → trans isomer
- if the 2 different ligands are adjacent to each other → cis isomer
give an example of a square planar complex which shows cis-trans isomerism
- if different ligands are opposite each other → trans isomer
- if different groups are adjacent to each other → cis isomer
why are transition metals colourful
d-orbital splitting
how does d orbital splitting occur
the d-subshell is split into 2 when ligands bond with the central metal ion
when we attach ligands → the 5 orbitals in a d-subshell start to split
how is an energy gap created
- when we attach ligands → the 5 orbitals in a d-subshell start to split
- energy gap is created as some orbitals gain energy
- ΔE → change in energy
draw an example of ground state and what is it
the lowest energy level
draw an example of excited state and explain it
when electrons absorb light energy some move from the lowest energy level (ground state) to higher energy level orbitals (excited state)
for electrons to move to excited state/ higher energy level orbitals what must be the case
in order for this to happen, the energy from the light must equal the energy gap
what is the size of the energy gap/energy change dependent on
- the central metal ion and its oxidation state
- the type of ligand
- shape of ligand
- the coordination number and therefore shape of the complex
what frequency of light is absorbed by the complex
- some frequencies of visible light are absorbed by transition metal complexes
- frequencies absorbed depends on the size of ΔE
- the larger the energy gap, the higher the frequency of light absorbed
what is an energy gap
the energy required to take an electron from the ground state to an excited state
which colours of visible light have the highest and lowest frequency
- from red to purple → frequency increases
- red→ lowest frequency
- violet → highest frequency
what happens to the frequencies of light that arent absorbed
any frequencies which arent absorbed are reflected or transmitted
e.g if a transition metal ion absorbs at the green frequency of light then all of the other colours around it are reflected or transmitted out of the complex
what do the transmitted or reflected frequencies create
the combination of these frequencies create a complimentary colour that we observe
this is different to heating any other metal and observing colour (for other metals the colour is due to when the electron deexcites)
what frequency of light do we observe from a complex
we observe the colour that is complimentary to the frequency of light that is absorbed by the complex
how do we determine which frequency is absorbed
- the colour wheel allows us to predict the colour of light absorbed
- the colour directly opposite the colour is observed is the one thats absorbed
- e.g green observed, magenta absorbed
draw the colour wheel
why may some complexes be observed as colourless or white
- for the complexes that have a full or empty 3d subshell no e- can move to the higher energy level
- this means that we see these complexes as colourless or white e.g Zn, Sc
what is white light made up of
made of all colours
what happens if you mix the complementary colour and the absorbed colour
you get white light
what do redox potentials tell you
redox potentials tell us how easily an ion is reduced → the same as the electrode potentials
what ions are more likely to be reduced
the least stable ions have the largest redox potential → more likely to be reduced
why may there be a difference in redox potential to the standard values seen in the data booklet
here may be a difference in redox potential to the standard values seen in the data booklet →dependent on the environment the ions are in
what happens when a transition metal changes oxidation state
redox reaction occurs
give the half equation for the reduction of V2+ to V and the colour + oxidation state
Os- +2
violet
give the half equation for the reduction of V3+ to V2+ and the colour + oxidation state
Os- +3
green
give the half equation for the reduction of VO 2+ to V3+ and the colour + oxidation state
Os- +4
blue
give the half equation for the reduction of VO2 + to
VO 2+ and the colour + oxidation state
Os- +5
yellow
when are redox reactions feasible
only feasible if standard electrode potential is positive
recall the colour changes of the reduction of VO2 + to V2+
why are there no more colour changes after V2+
no more colour change after V2+ as the standard electrode potential is negative → no longer feasible
what are the variable oxidation states of chromium
+2, +3, +6
give the colour, oxidation state and any addition information on Cr2O7 2-
+6
orange
good oxidising agent
give the colour, oxidation state and any addition information on CrO4 2-
+6
yellow
good oxidisng agents
give the colour, oxidation state and any addition information on Cr3+
+3
green
most stable ion when surrounded by 6 water ligands a violet solution
however Cl- impurities replace the water ligands to make it look green
give the colour, oxidation state and any addition information on Cr2+
+2
blue
give the colour change and reduction equation for Cr2O7 2- to Cr3+
- Cr2O7 2- can be reduced using zinc as a catalyst to 2Cr3+
- colour change from orange to green
give the colour change and reduction equation for Cr3+ to Cr2+
- zinc can be used to reduce Cr3+ ions to Cr2+ ions
- however Cr2+ → unstable
- readily oxidised back to Cr3+ from oxygen in the air
colour change from green to blue
- readily oxidised back to Cr3+ from oxygen in the air
- however Cr2+ → unstable
how can Cr3+ ions be oxidised to CrO4 2- ions- give the equation
- Cr3+ ions are oxidised using hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution
- yellow chromate (VI) produced
Give the equation for when you add acid to CrO4 -
adding acid to the yellow chromate (VI) ion solution creates orange dichromate (VI) solution
what does amphoteric mean with the example of chromium hydroxides
chromium hydroxides can act as an acid or base → means they are amphoteric
how can you form insoluble chromium hydroxide
can hydrolyse metal aqua ions to form insoluble chromium hydroxide by adding a base (OH- or NH3)
give the equations for forming insoluble chromium hydroxide
- they form a solid complex as theres no longer a charge
- added 3 negative OH- ligands which balances out the 3+ of the Cr(H2O)6 → neutral solid complex→ precipitate
- ammonia takes 1 proton each from the 3 water ligands which forms ammonium ions
- green grey precipitate forms
give the formula for chromium hydroxide
Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
what happens when you add a base to chromium hydroxide + give the equation
- when you add a base to it → acts as an acid and donates H+ ions to react with the OH- and it dissolves
- this is because it will have a charge when it donates H+ ions
what happens when you add an acid to chromium hydroxides- give the equation
when we add an acid it acts as a base by accepting H+ ions and it dissolves
what happens if you add excess ammonia to chromium hydroxides and give the equation
→ ligand exchange reaction
- purple Cr(NH3)6 3+ solution is formed
- green-grey to purple colour change
- ligands that were attached are now separated
how do you produce chromium II ethanoate
how can a colour change of complexes occur
a colour change can exist when ligands in a complex exchange/ substitute
change in coordination number and shape of complex
give an example of how different ligands can form different strength bonds to the metal ion using CN
- CN- ions can form stronger bonds than the H2O molecules
- this means that the reaction isnt easily reversed
- the new complex formed is more stable
this is added to salt → STOPS SALT FROM STICKING TOGETHER
what can multidentate ligands form- give an example of this
multidentate ligands form complexes that are more stable than monodentate ligand
in e.g
- 6 ligands replaced by 3
- stable → hard to reverse
what is the link between entropy and complexes
- entropy increasing forms a more stable complex
- in a ligand exchange reaction bonds are broken in the original complex
- new bonds are formed to make the new complex
- often, energy needed to break the bonds is similar as the energy released when new ones are formed
- the enthalpy change is small
what is the chelate effect
- when we substitute monodentate ligands with bidentate and multidentate ligands → creates a solution with more particles in it
- this means theres as increase in entropy
- this means that the reaction is more likely to happen
- difficult to reverse these reactions as this would mean that theres a decrease in entropy (less likely to happen)
give an example of the chelate effect using EDTA+
what does the colour of the complex ion depend on
depends on the size of ΔE which is affected by a change of oxidation state, coordination number and change of ligand
give an example of where ligands have an effect on the energy gap- give the equation, colour changes and the shape using Co
e.g → ligand substitution where the coordination number is the same and so is the shape
give an example of ligand substitution where coordination number changes and so does the shape using Cu
normally happens when a smaller ligand is substituted by a larger ligand
what is the formula for metal ions dissolved in water
[M(H2O)6] n+
give the colour and formula of Cu2+ ions in aqueous solution
[Cu(H2O)6]2+
blue
give the colour and formula of Fe2+ ions in aqueous solution
[Fe(H2O)6]2+
pale green
give the colour and formula of Fe3+ ions in aqueous solution
[Fe(H2O)6]3+
yellow
give the colour and formula of Co2+ ions in aqueous solution
[Co(H2O)6]2+
pale pink
give the colour of the precipitate formed and the formula when you add some OH- or NH3 to Cu2+
Cu(OH)2(H2O)4
pale blue
give the colour of the precipitate formed and the formula when you add some OH- or NH3 to Fe2+
Fe(OH)2(H2O)4
dirty green
give the colour of the precipitate formed and the formula when you add some OH- or NH3 to Fe3+
Fe(OH)3(H2O)3
orange
give the colour of the precipitate formed and the formula when you add some OH- or NH3 to Co2+
Co(OH)2(H2O)4
blue
turns brown after a while
what happens when you add excess OH- to Cu(OH)2(H2O)4
insoluble in excess NaOH
no change
what happens when you add excess OH- to Fe(OH)2(H2O)4
insoluble in excess NaOH
no change
what happens when you add excess OH- to Fe(OH)3(H2O)3
insoluble in excess NaOH
no change
what happens when you add excess OH- to Co(OH)2(H2O)4
insoluble in excess NaOH
no change
what happens when you add excess NH3 to Cu(OH)2(H2O)4
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ forms
dark blue solution
part ligand substitution
what happens when you add excess NH3 to Fe(OH)2(H2O)4
insoluble in excess NH3
no change
what happens when you add excess NH3 to Fe(OH)3(H2O)3
insoluble in excess NH3
no change
what happens when you add excess NH3 to Co(OH)2(H2O)4
Co(NH3)6 2+
brown-yellow solution
turns brown after a while
recall this table
what is a heterogeneous catalyst and how does it work
- heterogeneous → catalyst in different phase from reactants
- reaction occurs on the surface of a catalyst
- increasing the surface area of the heterogenous catalyst will increase the rate of reaction
- more particles can react with the catalyst at the same time
what is a homogeneous catalyst and how does it work
- form intermediate species by reactants combining with the catalyst to form products
- the catalyst is reformed again
why are transition meals good catalysts
as transition metals have variable oxidation states they are good catalysts → by receiving and losing some e- in the d-orbitals to speed up reactions
what is the contact process
- the contact process uses vanadium (V) to make sulfuric acid
- V2O5 used as a catalyst → heterogenous catalyst
- catalyse SO2 → SO3
recall the steps and equations for the contact process
how can heterogeneous catalysts be poisoned
- heterogeneous catalysts can be poisoned be impurities
- impurities can bind to surface of a catalyst and block the active site for reactants to absorb
- when an impurity blocks a site→ called poisoning
what is the effect of catalysts being poisoned and draw an image to show it
catalytic poisoning reduced surface area of catalyst for the reactants to add to
what is an example of poisoning from the haber process
- hydrogen is made from methane
- methane contains sulphur impurities
- any sulphur that is not removed will absorb to the surface forming iron sulphide
- catalyst less efficient
what is the effect of a poisoned catalyst
- less product is made
- catalyst needs to be replaced/cleaned more often → time consuming
- increased cost of the chemical process
- not lowering activation energy
how do heterogeneous catalysts work with reference to adsorption and desorption
- substances can absorb to the surface of solid heterogeneous catalyst
- reactions occur on solid heterogeneous catalysts
- they bond with the surface of the catalyst → adsorption
- the bonds in the reactants weaken and break → form radicals
- the radicals react with each other to make new substances
- the new molecules are then released from the surface of the catalyst in a process called desorption
what is desorption
the new molecules are then released from the surface of the catalyst in a process called desorption
what is adsorption
substances bond with the surface of the catalyst → adsorption
draw an image of adsorption and desorption
why use catalysts
- lower temp needed for reaction to proceed
- less money spent and less CO2 produced
- speed up reaction → provide alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed
environmental benefits using a catalyst
- lower temp + pressure required
- reduced energy and CO2 produced
- less waste → increase atom economy. instead of e.g a 5 step process it becomes a 2 step process
what are catalytic converters and give their equation
- in cars
- reduce levels of pollution
- made from rhodium, platinum and palladium alloy
- mesh → gases pass through
how can vehicle catalysts be poisoned
- vehicle catalysts can be poisoned too
- e.g lead poisons the platinum catalyst in a catalytic converter in a car
- lead was found in petrol but is now no longer used widely today → hence unleaded
- the poison absorbs to the surface of the catalyst better than the reactant can
takes up space
draw the energy profile of a reaction with a homogeneous catalyst
homogeneous energy profiles have 2 activation energies
- green line → activation energy with the catalyst
- lowers activation energy
- two activation energies → this is because intermediates are formed at the point shown in the diagram below
- then a bit more energy is required to produce the final product
- heterogeneous catalysts forms intermediate species by reactants combining with the catalyst which react to form products
- catalyst is reformed again→ never used up
- lowers activation energy
how can iodide ions be oxidised
oxidation of iodide ions using peroxodisulfate (S2O8 2-)
- reaction uncatalysed is very slow
- trying to react negatively charged ions together which repel
- results in high activation energy
recall the process of oxidising iodide ions using peroxodisulphate
what is autocatolysis
- is another form of heterogeneous catalysis where the product catalyses the reaction
- catalyses itself
give an example of autocatalysis using Mn2+
Mn2+ is the catalyst in a reaction between C2O4 2- and MnO4-
- Mn2+ is a product and catalyst
- as the reaction proceeds the amount of product increases and so does rate of reaction
- the reaction uncatalysed is slow as youre trying to react two negative ions which will repel
recall the process of Mn2+ catalysing the reaction between C2O4 2- and MnO4-
How do you work out the colour changes going from one complex to forming a new one
Look at the oxidation state of the transition metal in the complex
Refer to the colour of ion in aqueous solution e.g if the original metal complex contained Fe3+ and the oxidation state decreased to Fe2+ in the new complex the colour change would be from the colour of Fe3+ in aqueous solution to the colour of Fe2+ in aqueous solution
what is a complex ion
an ion in which a central metal atom (transition element) is surrounded by a group of ions or molecules (ligands)
why can transition metals form complex ions
transition metals are able to form complex ions due to their small ionic radius
this gives rise to a stronger electrostatic field of attraction
this means that ligands are able to bond to them as they are attracted to the positive charge
this is also why transition metals have high mtp and bpts and are harder than other metals
how do you name ligands/ complexes
number of ligands e.g di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa
add an -o to the end of ligand name
e.g for chlorine it would be chloro-
for water is would be aqua
for ammonia - ammine
positive complex- ending in transition element name and then oxidation state in roman numerals in brackets at the end
negative iron complex- end in ferrous
which is isomer of platin is more effective and why
cis-platin is more effective as it prevents cell division
it forms a bond between the 2 DNA strands which disrupts replication
it binds to guanine
trans-platin is toxic
why would you not make platin on its own and give it to a patient
racemic mixture of cis and trans platin
you dont know how much cis platin there is in the mixture so you dont know whether it would be effective
what may cause colour changes in transition metals and why
any of the following can cause the colour of complex ion to change
- oxidation number of metal ions -> redox
- ligand gains or loses H+ -> acid-base
- ligands are exchanged -> ligand exchange
- number of ligands change -> coordination number change
this is because these factors change the size of the energy gap
How does the d orbital split
2 in the higher energy level
3 in the lower energy level
give an example of a redox reaction which causes a colour change in the complex ion
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ -> [Fe(H2O)6]3+
pale green yellow/brown
in air
give an example of an acid base reaction which causes a colour change in the complex ion
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- -> [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
pale blue solution blue precipitate
it is acid base because 2 OH- ions have removed two of the water ligands and converted them into water
the two water molecules that have lost hydrogen ions are now hydroxide ligands
give an example of a ligand exchange reaction that causes a change in colour of the complex ion
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 -> [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2NH4+
pale blue solution blue ppt
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 4NH3 -> [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
DEEP blue ppt
give an example of a reaction where a change in coordination number causes a change in colour of complex ion
also done ligand exchange aswell as change in coordination number
why do transition metal complexes form coloured solutions
when ligands attach -> causes d orbital splitting
2 excited state, 3 round state
produces an energy gap
light energy is absorbed by the electron so it excites to excited state
the rest of the frequencies of light that arent absorbed are reflected and combine to produce a complimentary colour on the colour wheel to the one absorbed
how can [Co(NH3)6]2+ be formed? give the shapes, equation and colour changes
pink to straw
both complexes octahedral
how can [CoCL4]2 be formed? give the shapes, equation and colour changes
pink to blue
octahedral to tetrahedral
how can [Fe(CL)4]- be formed? give the shapes, equation and colour changes
stays yellow (no colour change)
octahedral to tetrahederal
Reactions of Cu2+ with OH-, NH3 and excess NaOH and excess NH3 + colour change
Reactions of Fe2+ with OH-, NH3 and excess NaOH and excess NH3 + colour change
Reactions of Fe3+ with OH-, NH3 and excess NaOH and excess NH3 + colour change
Reactions of Co2+ with OH-, NH3 and excess NaOH and excess NH3 + colour change
what does a negative Ecell value mean
indicates equilibrium lies to the LHS (oxidation)
what does it mean if Ecell is >0.6
reaction will always happen/ always be feasible
Copper oxide (black solid) + sulfuric acid
copper sulphate
Copper sulphate + KI
copper (I) iodide
Copper (I) iodide + NH3
Cu(NH3)2 + (colourless)
Copper (I) iodide + H2SO4
copper (pink solid) and copper sulphate (blue)
Cu(NH3)2 + vigorous shaking
Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2 (dark blue)
Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 + heat
copper oxide (black solid)
