Topic 5B: Life Stages- Pregnancy And Lactation Flashcards
What are the general weight gain patterns during pregnancy?
1-2kg in first trimester
-400g each week after
Total desirable weight gain is Approx 12kg
Weight loss after pregnancy:
- fluid loss
- some weight retention
What does the outcome tend to be if the mum is underweight or overweight before giving birth?
Underweight: -tend to have lower birth weight babies -higher rates of premature infants Overweight and obesity: Tend to be born later than normal -tend to be greater than 4km at birth -more difficult labour and delivery -higher risk of neural tube defects, heart defects And other abnormalities -weight loss should be postponed until after delivery
What are some high risk pregnancies?
Malnutrition Mothers age: 1. Teenage pregnancy 2. Pregnancy in older women -hypertension and diabetes -high rate of birth defects (down syndrome)
Duration of pregnancy is about?
40 weeks
+ or - 2 weeks
Look at slide 10 for a comparison of the AGHE recommended serves for pregnant or breast feeding women
Hg
What are the nutrients of special consideration during pregnancy?
Folate Calcium Vitamin D Iron Zinc Iodine
Folate
Essential for?
When can folate deficiency occur?
Essential for:
A) DNA and RNA synthesis, the building blocks of cells
B) metabolism of homocysteine
C) helps maintain normal levels of this amino acid
In foetal development, the need for folate is higher due to the increased cell turnover (critical period)
When can deficiency occur?
A) increased need for folate isn’t matched by an increased intake
B) when dietary folate intake does not meet recommended needs, and
C) when folate excretion increases
Conditions: pregnancy, alcohol abuse, kidney dialysis, liver disease, certain anaemia
Food sources?
Green leaf veggies, dried beans and peas, citrus fruits and juices, fortified breaks cereals
What is the RDI for calcium during pregnancy and lactation
Approx 1000mg/day
For someone very young or very old 1300mg/day
Iron requirements in pregnancy
RDI
The need for iron increases throughout the pregnancy.
-absorption rate increases
Iron deficient Naemia in women have N increased risk of low birth weight and perinatal mortality
RDI: 27mg/day
Zinc
What’s it good for
- stimulates activity of approximately 100 enzymes
- necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis
- supports a healthy immune system
- needed for wound healing
- helps maintain your sense of taste and smell
- necessary for normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood and adolescence
RDI:
Pregnancy- 11mg/dat
Lactation- 12mg/day
Maternal zinc deficiency can slow foetal growth
Iodine
Preg people should take iodine supplements (150micrograms each day)
Total daily intake preg- 220micrograms
Breast feeding-270micrograms
Iodine deficiency:
-strong evidence on negative effect on the brain and nervous system
Vitamins A,D, C
Multivitamins
Those vitamins are recommended to encourage women to consume foods rich in them rather than take supplements
Multivitamins- no preventative effect. May be recommended for:
-vegos
-teenagers
-substance misusers
-obese pregnant women having a restricting diet
Tell me about what vegetarian women should do when pregnant?
- Adequate energy is important
- Should include milk and milk products
- Should contain a variety of legumes, cereals, fruits and veggies
- Plant-only diets may cause problems
- supplements of iron, vit B, calcium and vit D may be required
Pregnant women shouldn’t have?
Alcohol, smoking, coffee, oil-rich fish, liver and liver products (high level of vit A)
Nutrition during lactation
Breast feeding has many health benefits for both mother and infant
-nutrient and energy needs are higher
(25% extra energy)
-losing 1 Km per month
-fluids needs are higher
-alcohol, other drugs, smoking may reduce milk production as well as enter breast milk and impair infant growth
Nutrition during lactation:
- vitamins and minerals (inadequacy affects milk quantity not quality.
- iron may be required to increase depleted stores
