topic 5 (respiration) Flashcards
what are the 2 types of respiration?
aerobic and anaerobic
what happens in glycolysis?
phosphorylation:
- glucose phosphorylated using phosphate from ATP
- produces glucose phosphate
- ATP adds another phosphate= hexose biphosphate
- hexose biphosphate splits into 2 triose phosphate
oxidation:
- triose phosphate oxidised to form 2 pyruvate
- NAD collects hydrogen to form 2 reduced NAD
- 4 ATP produced
what does glycolysis produce?
net gain of 2 ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 pyruvate
how many times does the Link Reaction occur for every glucose?
twice
what happens in the Link Reaction?
pyruvate decarboxylated
pyruvate oxidised to form acetate
NAD reduced to form reduced NAD
acetate combined with co enzyme A to form acetyl co enzyme A
what is produced in the Link Reaction per molecule of glucose?
2 acetyl CoA
2 carbon dioxide
2 NADH
how many times does the Kreb’s cycle happen for every molecule of glucose?
twice
what happens in the Kreb’s cycle?
acetyl CoA combines with oxoloacetate(4C) to form citrate(6C)
CoA goes back to the Link Reaction to be used again
citrate(6C) is decarboxylated to remove a Co2, and dehydrogenated to remove a hydrogen (5C)
(5C) converted to (4C) as decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur again, releasing 1 reduced FAD and 2 reduced NAD
ATP produced by transferring phosphate to ADP (substrate level phosphorylation)
citrate has been converted to oxoloacetate
what happens in oxidative phosphorylation?
hydrogen atoms released as NADH and FADH oxidised to NAD and FAD
hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
electrons move down the electron transport chain losing energy at each carrier
energy used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space
concentration of protons higher in the intermembrane space than the mitochondrial matrix= electrochemical gradient
protons move down the electrochemical gradient by ATP synthase
this synthesises ATP from ADP and Pi
at the end of the electron transport chain, protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water
oxygen is known as the final electron acceptor
what happens in alcoholic fermentation?
glycolysis
pyruvate converted to ethanal then ethanol using reduced NAD
what happens in lactate fermentation?
glycolysis
pyruvate converted to lactate using reduced NAD
how many ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule?
32
how is ATP production affected by mitochondrial diseases?
affect how mitochondria function, which reduces ATP production
may cause anaerobic respiration- producing lactate which causes muscle fatigue/weakness
lactate will diffuse into the blood
where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
where does Link Reaction occur?
mitochondrial matrix
