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biology paper 2 > genetics (ecosystems) > Flashcards

genetics (ecosystems) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a habitat?

A

the place where an organism lives

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2
Q

what is a population?

A

all of the organisms of one species in a habitat

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3
Q

what is a community?

A

populations of different species in a habitat

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4
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

a community plus the abiotic conditions

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5
Q

what are biotic conditions?

A

living features of the ecosystem, eg the presence of predators or food

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6
Q

what are the abiotic conditions?

A

non living features of an ecosystem

eg) temperature and water availability

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7
Q

what is a niche?

A

the role of a species within its habitat, can only be occupied by one species

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8
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

features that increase an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction

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9
Q

what are the three types of adaptation?

A

physiological
behavioural
anatomical

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10
Q

what is a physiological adaptation?

A

processes inside their body

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11
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation?

A

the way an organism acts

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12
Q

what is an anatomical adaptation?

A

structural features of an organisms body

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13
Q

what is population size?

A

the total number of organisms of one species in a habitat

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14
Q

what is the carrying capacity?

A

maximum stable population size

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15
Q

why does carrying capacity vary?

A

due to biotic and abiotic factors

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16
Q

what are the three biotic factors that cause variation in population size?

A

interspecific competition

intraspecific competition

predation

17
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A

competition between different species for the same resources

18
Q

what is intraspecific competition?

A

competition within a species for the same resources

19
Q

what is predation?

A

where a predator kills and eats its prey

20
Q

how does temperature affect population size?

A

further away from optimum temperature means they are less likely to survive

21
Q

how does light affect population size?

A

increased light increases the rate of photosynthesis which increases population size as the carrying capacity is increased

22
Q

how does pH affect population size?

A

optimum pH has the largest population size

23
Q

how does water affect population size?

A

where water is scarce there is a smaller population size, only those who are adapted survive

24
Q

how does humidity affect population size?

A

affects transpiration rate in plants and evaporation of water in animals/humans, those who are best adapted survive

25
Q

what is succession?

A

the process by which an ecosystem changes over time

26
Q

what is primary succession?

A

succession on land that has been newly formed/exposed, no soil or organic matter to begin with

27
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

succession on land that has been cleared of plants but where soil remains

28
Q

what is the first species to colonise an area called?

A

the pioneer species

29
Q

what are the stages of primary succession?

A

abiotic conditions are harsh so only the pioneer species can grow

pioneer species changes the abiotic conditions, as they die a basic soil is formed

makes the conditions less hostile, which means that organisms with different adaptations can grow

these die/are decomposed so the soil is deeper and richer in minerals

larger plants can grow so the soil can maintain more water

new species compete, and change the environment

30
Q

what is the final stage of succession called?

A

the climax community

31
Q

what are the features of a temperate climate?

A

plenty of water
mild temperatures
little change between seasons
large trees

32
Q

what are the features of a polar climate?

A

little water available
low temperatures
big changes between the seasons
only has shrubs/herbs

33
Q

what is an artificial climax community called?

A

plagioclimax

34
Q

what is conservation?

A

the protection and management of a species/habitat in a sustainable way

biology paper 2 (23 decks)

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