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Biology > Topic 5: Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Topic 5: Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The regulation of the conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changes internally or externally

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2
Q

Why do internal conditions in your body need to be kept constant?

A

Cells need the right conditions in order to function properly

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3
Q

Give examples of automatic control systems (ACS) (2)

A

1) Nervous communication system

2) Hormonal communication system

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4
Q

Give examples of what ACS maintain (3)

A

1) Body temperature
2) Blood glucose
3) Water content

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5
Q

Parts of an ASC (3)

A

1) Receptors
2) Coordination centres
3) Effectors

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

A mechanism used by ASCs to regulate internal environment conditions by reversing the levels of something if it is too high or too low

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7
Q

Process of negative feedback (3)

A

1) Receptor: stimulus = too high/low
2) Coordination centre: receives and processes, organises response
3) Effector: produces response, restores to optimum level - continues to decrease/increase

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8
Q

Parts of the nervous system (5)

A

1) Receptors: cells that detect stimuli
2) Sensory neurones: carry information via electrical impulses from receptors to CNS
3) CNS or central nervous system: the brain or spinal chord connected to the body by sensory and motor neurones
4) Motor neurones: carry information via electrical impulses from CNS to effectors
5) Effectors: muscles or glands that respond to nervous impulses

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9
Q

How do effectors respond to nervous impulses? (2)

A

1) Muscles contract

2) Glands secrete hormones

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10
Q

Synapses

A

The connection between neurones which chemical messengers diffuse across stimulating an electric impulse in the next neurone

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11
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the CNS - the brain

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12
Q

Process of the reflex arc (6)

A

1) Receptors detect stimulus
2) Electric impulses sent along sensory neurone until synapse
3) Chemicals diffuse across synapse causing electric impulses along relay neurone
4) Chemicals diffuse across synapse causing electric impulses along motor neurone
5) Electric impulses sent along motor neurone until effector
6) Effector responds by contracting or secreting

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13
Q

REACTION TIME PRACTICAL

A

-

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14
Q

Endocrine system

A

An automatic control system that coordinates responses to changes in the environment using hormones

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

An automatic control system that coordinates responses to changes in the environment using nerves and electric impulses

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16
Q

Pituitary gland (4)

A

1) Found in the brain
2) Linked to the hypothalamus which receives signals from receptors
3) Releases hormones in response to stimuli
4) Hormones trigger other glands to release hormones

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17
Q

Thyroid gland (3)

A

1) Found in the neck
2) Releases thyroxin
3) Regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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18
Q

Pancreas (2)

A

1) Releases insulin and glucagon

2) Regulates blood glucose levels

19
Q

Ovaries/Testes (3)

A

1) Releases oestrogen/testosterone
2) Controls puberty
3) Regulates menstrual cycle/sperm production

20
Q

Adrenal glands (3)

A

1) Found above kidney
2) Releases adrenaline
3) Triggers the “fight or flight” response

21
Q

Differences between nervous and hormonal systems (3)

A

1) Fast action VS Slow action
2) Short time VS Long time
3) Precise area VS General area

22
Q

Purpose of thyroxine (2)

A

1) Increases basal metabolic rate

2) Responsible for regulating growth and brain development in young

23
Q

Regulation of thyroxine (2)

A

Negative feedback

1) Low: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production increases –> more thyroxine is secreted by stimulated thyroid gland
2) High: TSH production decreases –> no thyroxine is secreted by inhibited thyroid gland

24
Q

Purpose of insulin and glucagon

A

Controls the level of blood glucose concentration

25
Q

Regulation of insulin (5)

A

Blood glucose too high:

1) Insulin secreted by pancreas into blood
2) Blood carries a lot of glucose and insulin
3) Blood reaches liver
4) Insulin stimulates muscle cells to use up excess glucose (make them more permeable to glucose)
5) Blood glucose level decreased

26
Q

Regulation of glucagon (6)

A

Blood glucose too low:

1) Glucagon secreted by pancreas into blood
2) Blood carries a little glucose and glucagon
3) Blood reaches liver
4) Glucagon will stimulate cells
5) Cells will convert stored glycogen into glucose
6) Blood glucose level increased

27
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Pancreas produces little to no insulin meaning blood glucose level can rise until fatal

28
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Body cells don’t respond properly to insulin meaning the body becomes resistant to it’s own insulin

29
Q

Solving diabetes (3)

A

1) Insulin therapy - TYPE 1
2) Limit simple carbohydrate intake - TYPE 1 and 2
3) Regular exercise - TYPE 1 and 2

30
Q

Purpose of adrenaline (4)

A

Gets the body ready in response to stressful situations by:

1) increasing heart rate and blood pressure
2) dilates pupils
3) enlarges lung passages
4) boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles

31
Q

Four stages of the menstrual cycle

A

GRAPH

32
Q

Purpose of FSH, oestrogen, LH, progesterone

A

SLIP OF PAPER

33
Q

Methods of contraception (8)

A

1) Combined oral contraceptive pill
2) Contraceptive patch
3) Contraceptive implant
4) Intrauterine device
5) Condoms
6) Spermicide
7) Diaphragm
8) Natural methods

34
Q

Combined oral contraceptive pill (3)

A

1) Contains oestrogen and progesterone

2) Inhibits FSH production and so stops egg production 3) Stimulates the production of thick mucus to stop sperm

35
Q

Contraceptive implant (3)

A

1) Continuous progesterone
2) Stops egg release and makes it hard for sperm to swim stopping fertilisation
3) Lasts 3 years

36
Q

Spermicide (3)

A

1) Disables or kills sperm
2) Used in conjunction with a diaphragm
3) Only 70% effective

37
Q

Methods to increase fertility (2)

A

1) Fertility drug

2) In vitro fertilisation

38
Q

Fertility drugs

A

Drugs containing FSH and LH that stimulate ovulation

39
Q

Pros of fertility drugs

A

Helps women get pregnant

40
Q

Cons of fertility drugs (3)

A

1) Success rate is low
2) Can be expensive if repeats are needed
3) Can lead to unexpected multiple pregnancies

41
Q

Process of IVF (5)

A

1) FSH and LH taken to stimulate several eggs to mature
2) Eggs collected from ovaries
3) Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection - sperm is injected into egg causing fertilisation
4) Fertilised eggs grow into embryos in an incubator
5) When tiny balls of cells, one or two are transferred to uterus

42
Q

Pros of IVF (2)

A

1) Gives children to infertile couples

2) Constantly improving - specialised micro-tools and genetic testing

43
Q

Cons of IVF (5)

A

1) Unexpected multiple births
2) Higher risk of miscarriage
3) 26% success rate
4) Emotionally stressful from repeated failures
5) Physically stressful as women can have strong reactions to the hormones like vomiting and dehydration

Biology (7 decks)

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