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Biology > Topic 2: Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2: Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

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2
Q

Organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts made up of chains of amino acids folded into unique shapes

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4
Q

Lock and key model (3)

A

1) Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape
2) Active site fits onto the substrate of the substance being catalysed
3) Enzyme only catalyses one specific reaction as substrate has to match and fit into active site

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5
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction and how? (2)

A

1) Temperature - too hot, bonds holding enzyme together break, active site changes shape, enzyme denatures
2) pH - too low or too high, interferes with bonds holding enzyme together, active site changes shape, enzyme denatures

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6
Q

Pepsin’s optimum pH

A

pH 2 as it breaks down proteins in the acidic stomach

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7
Q

ENZYME PRACTICAL

A

-

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8
Q

Why do digestive enzymes break down larger molecules into smaller ones?

A

Smaller, soluble molecules can pass through the digestive system and be absorbed into the bloodstream

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9
Q

Starch + Amylase

A

Maltose and other sugars

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10
Q

Protein + Protease

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

Lipids + Lipase

A

Glycerol + Fatty acids

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12
Q

Where is amylase produced? (3)

A

1) Salivary glands
2) Pancreas
3) Small intestine

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13
Q

Where is protease produced? (3)

A

1) Stomach (pepsin)
2) Pancreas
3) Small intestine

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14
Q

Where is lipase produced? (2)

A

1) Pancreas

2) Small intestine

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15
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine

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16
Q

Function of bile (2)

A

1) Emulsify fats - break large fat molecules down into tiny droplets increasing the surface area for lipase to work on
2) Neutralise stomach acid - HCl acid can damage the small intestine and its enzymes work best in alkaline conditions

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17
Q

Digestive system (10)

A

1) Mouth - crushes food making it more digestible
2) Salivary glands - produces amylase in saliva
3) Gullet
4) Stomach - pummels food with muscular walls, produces the protease pepsin, produces HCl acid to kill bacteria and create acidic conditions
5) Liver - produces bile which emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
6) Gall bladder - stores bile
7) Pancreas - produces amylase, protease and lipase
8) Small intestine - produces amylase, protease and lipase, absorbs nutrients from digested food into blood
9) Large intestine - absorbs excess water
10) Rectum - stores faeces before the anus

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18
Q

Food tests

A

-

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19
Q

The Lungs

A

DIAGRAM

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

Little air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by a network of capillaries and carry out gas exchange
DIAGRAM

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21
Q

Describe the various gas exchanges throughout the body (4)

A

1) Oxygen diffuses out of alveolus into blood (high to low concentration)
2) Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into alveolus (high to low concentration)
3) Oxygen released from red blood cells diffuses into body cells (high to low concentration)
4) Carbon dioxide diffuses out of body cells into blood (high to low concentration)

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22
Q

Purpose of the circulatory system (2)

A

1) Carry food and oxygen to every cell in the body

2) Carry waste products to where they can be removed

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23
Q

The heart pumping (7)

A

1) Deoxygenated blood flows into right atrium from vena cava
2) Right atrium contracts and blood flows into right ventricle
3) Right ventricle contracts and blood flows into pulmonary artery toward the lungs
4) Blood becomes oxygenated
5) Blood flows into left atrium from pulmonary vein
6) Left atrium contracts and blood flows into left ventricle
7) Left ventricle contracts and blood flows into aorta toward the organs through arteries
THIS OCCURS SIMULTANEOUSLY

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24
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that control resting heart rate by producing small electric impulses to muscle cells causing contractions

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25
Q

Arteries (2)

A

1) Walls = thick muscle and elastic fibres so are strong and elastic
2) Lumen = small lumen compared to wall

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26
Q

Veins (3)

A

1) Walls = not as thick as arteries as lower pressure
2) Lumen = bigger lumen than artery to help blood flow
3) Valves to keep blood flowing the right direction

27
Q

Capillaries (2)

A

1) Tiny

2) Walls = permeable so substances can diffuse and one cell thick to decrease distance for diffusion

28
Q

How do red blood cells absorb then release?

A

Haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin and when at body cells splits again releasing oxygen to cells

29
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of cells that clot wounds so blood doesn’t get out and pathogen get in

30
Q

Plasma (8)

A

Pale straw-coloured liquid that carries:

1) Red and white blood cells
2) Platelets
3) Nutrients like glucose
4) Carbon dioxide
5) Urea
6) Hormones
7) Proteins
8) Antibodies and antitoxins

31
Q

Purpose of white blood cells

A

1) Phagocytosis

2) Produce antibodies and antitoxins

32
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

When the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscles of the heart get blocked by layers of fats

33
Q

What does coronary heart disease cause?

A

Arteries become narrow which restricts blood flow meaning there is a lack of oxygen to the heart and causing heart attacks

34
Q

What causes fatty deposits to form in arteries?

A

Too much of LDL cholesterol which causes coronary heart diseases

35
Q

Methods to treat coronary heart disease (2)

A

1) Stents - tubes inserted inside arteries to keep them open

2) Statins - drugs that reduce LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream

36
Q

How do stents lower the risk of a heart attack? (2)

A

1) Stents push artery wall out which squashes the fatty deposit
2) Opens the artery letting blood pass through to the heart

37
Q

Pros of stents (3)

A

1) Effective
2) Long-lasting
3) Quick recovery time

38
Q

Cons of stents (3)

A

1) Risk of complication (heart attack)
2) Risk of infection
3) Risk of a blood clot on stent (thrombosis)

39
Q

Advantages of statins (3)

A

1) Reduces the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
2) Increases amounts of beneficial HDL cholesterol
3) Can prevent other diseases

40
Q

Disadvantages of statins (3)

A

1) Long-term, taken regularly
2) Negative side effects from headaches to kidney failure or memory loss
3) Effect isn’t instant

41
Q

Advantages of an artificial heart (2)

A

1) Mechanical so less likely to be rejected by immune system than donor organ
2) Usually on a temporary fix until donor organ can be found

42
Q

Disadvantages of an artificial heart (5)

A

1) Can lead to bleeding and infection
2) Don’t work as well as natural ones
3) Electric motor can wear out
4) Can cause blood clots and strokes as blood doesn’t flow smoothly
5) Drugs that thin the blood and cause problems have to be taken

43
Q

What problems do faulty heart valves cause? (2)

A

1) Stiff valve = won’t open properly
2) Leaky valve = blood flows in both directions
BLOOD DOESN’T CIRCULATE EFFECTIVELY

44
Q

Why can artificial blood save you in an emergency?

A

A saline solution that replaces the volume of blood lost which means the heart can keep pumping the remaining red blood cells around the body giving someone enough time before a blood transfusion

45
Q

Factors affecting health

A

1) Good, balanced diet or poor diet
2) Stress
3) Ease of access to medicine
4) Access to things that prevent illness like food and condoms

46
Q

What viruses trigger cancer? (2)

A

1) Hepatitis virus can cause lung cancer

2) HPV can cause cervical cancer

47
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division which results in formation of a tumour

48
Q

Benign tumour

A

Grows until there is no more room and stays in one place = not dangerous

49
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Growth spreads out to neighbouring healthy tissues form secondary tumours = dangerous even fatal

50
Q

Plant tissues (6)

A

1) Epidermal tissue
2) Palisade mesophyll tissue
3) Spongy mesophyll tissue
4) Xylem
5) Phloem
6) Meristem tissues

51
Q

Function of epidermal tissue (2)

A

1) Covers whole plant with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
2) UPPER = transparent to let light pass through
3) LOWER = full of stomata to let CO2 diffuse into plant

52
Q

Function of palisade layer

A

Contains chlorophyll so most photosynthesis happens here

53
Q

Function of spongy layer

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

54
Q

Function of xylem

A

Transport water and minerals from roots to the leaves via the transpiration stream

55
Q

Function of phloem

A

Transports nutrients and glucose around plant for immediate use or storage by translocation

56
Q

Function of meristem tissue

A

Able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cells allowing growth

57
Q

What are phloem tubes made of?

A

Elongated living cells with small pores that allow cell sap to flow through

58
Q

What are xylem tubes made of?

A

Dead cells, end to end, strengthened by lignin

59
Q

Process of transpiration

A

1) Water escapes from leaves by diffusion and evaporation as there is more water within than without
2) Evaporation causes shortage of water in leaf
3) Water is drawn up from the rest of the plant
4) Water is drawn up from the roots
CONSTANT TRANSPIRATION STREAM CREATED

60
Q

Factors affecting the rate of transpiration

A

1) Light intensity
2) Temperature
3) Air flow
4) Humidity

61
Q

When do guard cells go turgid and what does this cause?

A

When the plant is full of water which causes the stomata to open and exchange gases

62
Q

When do guard cells go flaccid and what does this cause?

A

When the plant is short of water which causes the stomata to close to stop water vapour escaping

63
Q

Why are guard cells sensitive to light?

A

They close at night to save water without losing out on photosynthesis

Biology (7 decks)

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