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Biology > Topic 3: Infection and Response > Flashcards

Topic 3: Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause diseases

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Small cells that reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage cells and tissues

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3
Q

Viruses

A

Minute cells that reproduce rapidly using your cell’s machinery and burst out causing cell damage

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4
Q

Protists

A

Single-celled eukaryotes that live inside organisms causing damage

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5
Q

Fungi

A

Single cells or hyphae that grow and penetrate human skin or plant surfaces causing disease

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6
Q

Examples of bacterial diseases (2)

A

1) Salmonella

2) Gonorrhoea

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7
Q

Salmonella

A

SYMPTOMS: fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
VECTORS: eating contaminated food
TREATMENT: clears up by itself in 3-7 days
PREVENTION: poultry vaccinations

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8
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

Salmonella bacterial toxins

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9
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

SYMPTOMS: pain urinating and thick green discharge
VECTORS: sexual contact
TREATMENT: both oral and injected antibiotics as some strains are resistant
PREVENTION: barrier methods like condoms

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10
Q

What causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterial toxins

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11
Q

Examples of viral diseases (3)

A

1) Measles
2) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
3) TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

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12
Q

Measles

A

SYMPTOMS: red skin rash and fever
VECTORS: droplets from infected person’s sneeze or coughs
TREATMENT: clears up by itself in 7-10 days
PREVENTION: MMR vaccine when young

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13
Q

What causes measles?

A

Rubeola virus

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14
Q

What are measles’ effects?

A

Complications can cause pneumonia or encephalitis

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15
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

A

SYMPTOMS: flu-like symptoms and then nothing for several years
VECTORS: sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids
TREATMENT: antiretroviral drugs but only delays AIDS
PREVENTION: barrier methods such as condoms

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16
Q

What causes HIV

A

Lentivirus

17
Q

What are HIV’s effects

A

Attacks immune cells until body can’t cope with other infections

18
Q

TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

A

SYMPTOMS: mosaic pattern on leaves and discolouration
VECTORS: contact
TREATMENT: none
PREVENTION: destroying affected leaves

19
Q

What are TMV’s effects

A

Stops plant photosynthesising and growing

20
Q

Example of fungal diseases

A

Rose black spot

21
Q

Rose black spot

A

SYMPTOMS: purple or black spots and yellow, dead leaves
VECTORS: water and wind
TREATMENT: fungicides and stripping plant of affected leaves
PREVENTION: destroying affected leaves

22
Q

Example of protist diseases

A

Malaria

23
Q

Malaria

A

SYMPTOMS: repeating episodes of fever
VECTORS: mosquitoes infect by inserting protist when sucking blood
TREATMENT: antimalarial medication
PREVENTION: reduce mosquito breeding, insecticides and mosquito nets

24
Q

What causes malaria

A

Plasmodium protist

25
Q

What are malaria’s effects

A

Potential death

26
Q

Body’s defence system (4)

A

1) Skin - barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances
2) Nose - hair and mucus traps pathogens
3) Trachea and bronchi - mucus traps pathogens
4) Stomach - produce HCl acid

27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The most important part of the immune system where white blood cells called phagocytes engulf pathogens and digest them

28
Q

Process of antibody production and phagocytosis (5)

A

1) B-lymphocytes bind to the pathogen’s antigens creating antibodies
2) Some become memory B-cells
3) Mass production of antibodies when exposed to antigen again
4) Antibodies lock onto antigen and agglutinate them
5) Now ineffective, phagocytes engulf and digest pathogen

29
Q

Pros of vaccination (3)

A

1) Controls previously common communicable diseases
2) Eradicated some diseases like smallpox
3) Prevents epidemics if large populations are vaccinated

30
Q

Cons of vaccination (2)

A

1) Sometimes don’t give immunity

2) Sometimes causes bad reactions like swelling and fever

31
Q

Process of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

1) Mutations cause some bacteria to become resistant
2) Treating infection will kill non-resistant strains
3) Resistant strains will survive
4) They survive and reproduce

32
Q

Reducing antibiotic-resistant bacteria (2)

A

1) Avoiding over-prescriptions

2) Finishing the whole course of drugs

33
Q

MRSA (methecillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

A

Causes serious wound infections and resistant to powerful antibiotic methecillin

34
Q

Developing drugs (5)

A

1) Preclinical testing on human tissues and cells
2) Preclinical testing on two different live animals to test efficacy, toxicity and the best dosage
3) Clinical trial on human volunteers starting with low doses, to see side-effects, and then increasing
4) Clinical trial on the ill to find optimum dose (most effective, least side-effects)
5) Results are peer-reviewed to prevent false claims

Biology (7 decks)

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