Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicine > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicine Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does skin do to protect the body?

A

Physical barrier between pathogens and body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do scabs protect the body?

A

Blood clots to prevent pathogens from entering the cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do tears help protect the body?

A

Contains lymphocytes, which are antiseptics, that kill off bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does mucus protect the body?

A

Traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does stomach acid keep the body safe?

A

Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens that have been consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do cilia cells protect the body?

A

Waft pathogens back up throat to protect lungs - works with mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do lysosomes work?

A

They are enzymes that destroy bacterial cells by breaking down cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are lysosomes found?

A

Tears, saliva, breast milk, and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What blood cells are involved in the immune response?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is there a delay between infection and symptoms occurring?

A

It takes a while for the number of pathogens to get large enough to cause any symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do viruses damage the body?

A

By bursting open their host cell, causing damage to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do bacteria damage the body?

A

Releasing toxins into the body to cause illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between how a virus and bacteria replicated?

A

Viruses replicate in a host cell, bacteria multiply on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do phagocytes protect the body?

A

Phagocytes engulf pathogens and digest them whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The act of a phagocyte engulfing and digesting a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes, that bind to the specific antigen of a pathogen that gets into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They bind to antigens, and make it easier for white blood cells to find them and destroy them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when many antibodies are present in the body?

A

Memory lymphocytes will be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an antitoxin?

A

A chemical that neutralises a toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Passive immunity is when ready-made antibodies, from another source, are introduced to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are properties of passive immunity?

A

Passive immunity is:

  • Fast acting
  • Only lasts a short period of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

Brestfeeding provides a baby with natural passive immunity.

Anti-venom provides artificial passive immunity after a poisonous bite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a disease causing organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They produce antibodies when they notice foreign antigens, they try many different antibodies until they find the one that matches the antigen

25
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule on the surface of an organism that is unique to that organism.

26
Q

What is a memory lymphocyte?

A

A lymphocyte that has been produced after a large amount of a specific antibody has been produced.

27
Q

What does a memory lymphocyte do?

A

Memory lymphocytes remain in the body for years, and if the same antigen is encountered again, memory lymphocytes can produce high numbers of the correct “memorised” antibody very quickly.

28
Q

What is a B lymphocyte?

A

A memory lymphocyte

29
Q

What happens if you are exposed to an antigen you have been exposed to before?

A

It triggers a secondary immune response. This immune response is faster, as the memory lymphocytes will know what antibodies to make from the previous exposure

30
Q

What is immunisation?

A

Taking a weakened or killed form of a pathogen, and injecting it into the body with little risk, so it can produce the memory lymphocytes for the antigens of the pathogen and activate a secondary immune response the next time the body is exposed to it.

30
Q

What are the pros and cons of immunisation?

A

Pro - immunisation may remove the disease
- herd immunity protects those who can not be vaccinated
Cons - does not always work
- sometimes, bad reactions to the vaccination occur

31
Q

How does herd immunity work?

A

When the vast majority of a population are immune to a disease, it makes it harder for the disease to spread to the people who are not immune, as most of the population can not get the disease

32
Q

What are the three steps to vaccination?

A

1) A weakened or killed form of the disease is injected into the body
2) The body creates antibodies to fight the germs
3) if the actual disease ever attacks the body, the antibodies are made at an increased rate to fight it, thanks to memory lymphocytes

33
Q

What is a risk factor of a disease?

A

Something that increases the likelihood of someone getting a disease. They do not guarantee someone will get the disease.

34
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that is not caused by a pathogen. So it can not be spread from person to person.

35
Q

What are the knock-on effects of non-communicable diseases?

A

Where there are high levels of non-communicable diseases, it puts strain on the resources of local hospitals.

36
Q

Equation for BMI

A

BMI = weight / height ^ 2

37
Q

Equation for waist to hip ratio

A

Waist circumference / hip circumference

38
Q

What is pre-clinical testing?

A

Drugs are first tested on human tissue and animals. This is to see how toxic the drug is and the best dosage.

39
Q

What is the first stage of clinical testing?

A

First the drug is tested in healthy volunteers to make sure it doesn’t have any harmful side effects.

40
Q

What is the second stage of clinical testing?

A

The drug is tested on ill patients to find the optimum dosage.

41
Q

What is the third stage of clinical testing?

A

A large number of patients are split into two groups. One is given the drug the over is given a placebo. The drug has to do much better than the placebo to pass this stage.

42
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

If you give someone a drug that doesn’t do anything and you tell them it will make them better. They will often improve as they expect the treatment to work.

43
Q

What is double-blind testing?

A

When both the patients and the doctors do not know which group of patients is getting the drug.

44
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease?

A

Any disease associated with your heart and blood vessels

45
Q

What three ways can cardiovascular disease be treated?

A

Lifestyle changes
Drugs
Surgery

46
Q

How are lifestyle changes used to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

People are encouraged to eat a healthier diet, exercise regularly and stop smoking. This reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

47
Q

How are drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

Stains reduce the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
Anticoagulants make blood clots less likely to form
Antihypertensives reduce blood pressure

48
Q

How is surgery used to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

Stents are tubes put into arteries to widen them to reduce the chances of them being blocked.

A blood vessel can be taken from the person’s leg and be is used to make a bypass around a blocked section. This is called a coronary bypass surgery.

Heart transplant can be done to give the person a new, healthy heart.

49
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease?

A

Any disease associated with your heart and blood vessels

50
Q

What three ways can cardiovascular disease be treated?

A

Lifestyle changes
Drugs
Surgery

51
Q

How are lifestyle changes used to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

People are encouraged to eat a healthier diet, exercise regularly and stop smoking. This reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

52
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies produced from lots of clones of a single B lymphocyte

53
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

First you need to fuse a b-lymphocyte with a tumour cell to crate a hybridoma. The hybridoma can then be grown to produce a lot of clones. These clones will then produce all produce identical antibodies.

54
Q

Why does a B lymphocyte need to be fused with a tumour cell to produce monoclonal antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes do not divide very easily, while tumour cells do but do not produce antibodies.

55
Q

List 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Pregnancy tests
Treating cancer
Finding blood clots

56
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A

A certain hormone is only in the urine of women when they are pregnant. The pregnancy test will have a section with blue beads with antibodies for the hormone. The hormones binds to the antibodies. The urine moves up the stick, carrying the beads and hormone. The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the test strip, turning it blue.

57
Q

What is a hybridoma?

A

A cell that was fused from a tumour cell and a b-lymphocyte

58
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to diagnose cancer?

A

Cancer cells have proteins on them called tumour markers. They aren’t found on normal body cells. The antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element. They are put into the patients blood. When the antibodies come in contact with the cancer cells they will bind to the tumour cells. A picture can then be taken of the patients that can detect radiation.

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions