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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the interphase of the cell cycle?

A

When the cell is not dividing. The cell is growing and increasing the number of subcellular structures, such as mitochondria.

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2
Q

What is the prophase stage of the cell cycle?

A

The chromosomes of the cell condense. The membrane of the nucleus breaks down, and the chromosomes move freely in the cytoplasm.

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3
Q

What is the metaphase stage of the cell cycle?

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

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4
Q

What is the Anaphase stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cell fibres pull the cell apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the Telophase of the cell cycle?

A

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells.

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6
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

When the cytoplasm and cell membrane of a cell divides to form two separate cells.

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7
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process of a cell changing to become specialised for its job.

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8
Q

What is the difference between a cancer and a tumour?

A

Cancer invades other parts of the body while a tumour does not

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9
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that that have yet to differentiate into specialised cells.

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10
Q

When are Stem cells found?

A

Embryos and bone marrow.

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11
Q

What are 3 risks of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Tumour development - stem cells rapidly divide, increasing the chance if a tumour developing.
Disease transmission - viruses inside the cells could be transmitted to the patient
Rejection - the body may recognise the cells as foreign and reject them. Triggering an immune response.

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12
Q

What does the right cerebral hemisphere control?

A

Controls the muscles on the left side of the body.

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13
Q

What does the left cerebral control?

A

The muscles on the right side of the body.

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14
Q

What are the different parts of the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision

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15
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Muscle coordination and balance

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16
Q

What is th Medulla oblongata responsible for?

A

Unconscious activities such as breathing

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a sensory neurone

A

One long dendron, located in the middle of the neurone, carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body. One short axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the CNS.

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18
Q

Describe the motor neurone

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body. One long axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the effector cells.

19
Q

Describe the relay neurone

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the sensory neurones to the cell body. An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the motor neurones.

20
Q

What do dendrites and dendrons do in neurones?

A

Carry nerve impulses towards the body

21
Q

What do axons do in neurones?

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the body

22
Q

What does the myelin sheath do in neurones?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse

23
Q

Wheres is the CNS(central nervous system located)

A

From the base of the brain down to the bottom of the spine.

24
Q

What do synapses do and how do they work?

A

They are the connection between to neurones. The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that diffuse across the gap between the two neurones. The neurotransmitters then set off an electrical transmitter to the next neurone.

25
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A automatic, rapid response to stimuli

26
Q

How do reflexes work?

A

First there is a stimulation in the pain receptors. An impulse is sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS. The impulse then travels from the CNS along the a motor neurone to a muscle or gland.

27
Q

What is the passage of information in a reflex called?

A

A reflex arc

28
Q

How does the reflex to protect your eye from bright light work?

A

Light receptors in the eye detect the light and send a message along the sensory neurone. The message travels along a relay neurone to a motor neurone which tells the muscles in the iris to contract, making the pupil smaller.

29
Q

What does the cornea in the eye do?

A

Refract the light into the eys

30
Q

What does the iris in the eye do?

A

Control how much light enters the eye

31
Q

What does the lens in the eye do?

A

Refract the light, focusing it on the retina.

32
Q

What does the retina in the eye do?

A

It is the light sensitive part, it is covered in rods and cones which detect the light.

33
Q

What do rods in the eye do?

A

They are sensitive to dim light, but can’t sense colour.

34
Q

What do cones in the eye do?

A

Sensitive to colour, but don’t work well in dim light

35
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from the eye to the brain

36
Q

What is a myelinated neurone?

A

A neurone with a myelin sheath

37
Q

What is a unmylinated neurone?

A

A neurone without a myelin sheath

38
Q

What do meristems do?

A

Produce unspecialised plant cells that divide to produce any specialised cell in the plant.

39
Q

What is special about how meristems reproduce?

A

They are the only cell in the plant that reproduces through mitosis

40
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

In the areas where the plant is growing

41
Q

What does a CT Scanner show and how does it work?

A

A CT scanner use X-Rays to produce an image of the brain. A CT scan shows the main structure of the brain but not the function of them.

42
Q

What does a PET Scanner show and how does it work?

A

They show both the structure and the function of the brain in real time. They use radioactive chemicals to show which part if the brain are active.

43
Q

State three reasons why it is hard to fix problems in the brain and spinal cord

A

Neurones in the CNS do not repair themselves and there is not currently way to repair them artificially
There are parts of the CNS that are hard/impossible to access without damaging the brain
Treatment for problems in the CNS may lead to permanent damage.

Biology (9 decks)

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