Topic 5- Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards
World health organisation’s definition of good health
Good health is complete physical,social and mental well being
Definition of Communicable disease
Give example
A disease which can me communicated from an infected person to a non-infected person
Eg.covid, colds, flu etc
Definition of non-communicable disease
A disease which can’t be transmitted from a sufferer to a non-sufferer
Eg. Cancer
What is a chemical barrier?
Give an example
Using chemicals to kill off bacteria and diseases
Eg. Aspirin
What is a physical barrier?
Give an example
A physical barrier stops diseases by not letting them in
Eg. Skin, cell walls, waxy cuticles
What are some signs of disease in plants?
- yellowing leaves
* abnormal growths
How to solve and prevent plant disease?
Removing/cutting down infected plants
What do antibiotics do?
Kill bacteria
How do antibiotics work?
They inhibit processes in bacterial cells
Eg. Stopping cell walls from building meaning the bacteria can’t divide
Explain the 2 stages of drug trial
Preclinical
- Tested in human cells
- tested in live animals
Clinical
- Healthy volunteers
- If step 1 is successful it’s tested in sick people
- Placebo test in a bigger group
Formula for area of a circle
π r²
Explain what aseptic techniques are and why they’re used
•to prevent contamination
(Which leads to inaccurate results)
•equipment can be sterilised in an autoclave or passing an inoculating loop through a flame
Explain why a control should be used when investigating antibiotics
To be sure that the antibiotic is killing the bacteria And not something else
Eg. Something in the paper
What are antibodies and how are they made?
- antibodies attack pathogens
* antibodies are produced by lymphocytes
What are the 4 steps of lytic pathway?
- The virus attaches itself to the cell and genetic material
- The virus uses proteins and enzymes to replicate its genetic material to produce more viral components
- viral components assemble
- The virus splits open releasing new viruses to infect more cells
What are the 3 steps of lysogenic pathway?
- The infected material is incorporated into the genome(DNA) of the host cell
- The viral genetic material is replicated along with the host DNA every time the host cell divides
- A trigger causes the genetic material to leave and enter the lytic pathway
What’s the difference between lytic and lysogenic pathway?
Lysogenic is dormant (inactive) til it’s triggered
Explain how to grow bacteria
Place paper discs soaked in antibiotics on an agar plate. You can see the difference in bacterial growth.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to diagnose cancer
- Antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element
- Antibodies given to patient through a drip
- when in contact with cancer cells they bind to it
- a special camera is used to detect radioactivity
- the doctor then knows where and size of cancer
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?
Monoclonal antibodies can bind to anything you want them to
such as:
-tests
-detect cancer
What is immunity?
When lymphocytes are made to make antibodies to kill viruses after exposure to a disease so the 2nd time you get the virus antibodies can be produced
Pros and cons to immunity
Pros:
•eradicate diseases (eg.smallpox)
• even people aren’t immunised are unlikely to be infected
cons:
• sometimes doesn’t work (doesn’t give you immunity)
•can get a reaction to the vaccine
Explain what herd immunity is
When lots of people are immune so less virus is being spread from an infected person to a non-infected person
Explain how pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies to detect HCG in urine of a pregnant person
1. part which person pees on had antibodies with blue beads attached
- The test strip also has some antibodies
- If HCG is present antibodies bind to the hormone with beads on
- urine travels up the stick. The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the strip
How to measure obesity
BMI= mass(kg) ÷ height² (m)
waist to hip ratio= (cm)
waist circumference÷hip circumference
