Topic 5- Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines

Question 1

World health organisation’s definition of good health

Answer 1

Good health is complete physical,social and mental well being

Question 2

Definition of Communicable disease

Give example

Answer 2

A disease which can me communicated from an infected person to a non-infected person

Eg.covid, colds, flu etc

Question 3

Definition of non-communicable disease

Answer 3

A disease which can’t be transmitted from a sufferer to a non-sufferer

Eg. Cancer

Question 4

What is a chemical barrier?

Give an example

Answer 4

Using chemicals to kill off bacteria and diseases

Eg. Aspirin

Question 5

What is a physical barrier?

Give an example

Answer 5

A physical barrier stops diseases by not letting them in

Eg. Skin, cell walls, waxy cuticles

Question 6

What are some signs of disease in plants?

Answer 6

• yellowing leaves

* abnormal growths

Question 7

How to solve and prevent plant disease?

Answer 7

Removing/cutting down infected plants

Question 8

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 8

Kill bacteria

Question 9

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 9

They inhibit processes in bacterial cells

Eg. Stopping cell walls from building meaning the bacteria can’t divide

Question 10

Explain the 2 stages of drug trial

Answer 10

Preclinical

1. Tested in human cells
2. tested in live animals

Clinical

1. Healthy volunteers
2. If step 1 is successful it’s tested in sick people
3. Placebo test in a bigger group

Question 11

Formula for area of a circle

Answer 11

π r²

Question 12

Explain what aseptic techniques are and why they’re used

Answer 12

•to prevent contamination
(Which leads to inaccurate results)

•equipment can be sterilised in an autoclave or passing an inoculating loop through a flame

Question 13

Explain why a control should be used when investigating antibiotics

Answer 13

To be sure that the antibiotic is killing the bacteria And not something else

Eg. Something in the paper

Question 14

What are antibodies and how are they made?

Answer 14

• antibodies attack pathogens

* antibodies are produced by lymphocytes

Question 15

What are the 4 steps of lytic pathway?

Answer 15

1. The virus attaches itself to the cell and genetic material
2. The virus uses proteins and enzymes to replicate its genetic material to produce more viral components
3. viral components assemble
4. The virus splits open releasing new viruses to infect more cells

Question 16

What are the 3 steps of lysogenic pathway?

Answer 16

1. The infected material is incorporated into the genome(DNA) of the host cell
2. The viral genetic material is replicated along with the host DNA every time the host cell divides
3. A trigger causes the genetic material to leave and enter the lytic pathway

Question 17

What’s the difference between lytic and lysogenic pathway?

Answer 17

Lysogenic is dormant (inactive) til it’s triggered

Question 18

Explain how to grow bacteria

Answer 18

Place paper discs soaked in antibiotics on an agar plate. You can see the difference in bacterial growth.

Question 19

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to diagnose cancer

Answer 19

1. Antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element
2. Antibodies given to patient through a drip
3. when in contact with cancer cells they bind to it
4. a special camera is used to detect radioactivity
5. the doctor then knows where and size of cancer

Question 20

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Answer 20

Monoclonal antibodies can bind to anything you want them to
such as:
-tests
-detect cancer

Question 21

What is immunity?

Answer 21

When lymphocytes are made to make antibodies to kill viruses after exposure to a disease so the 2nd time you get the virus antibodies can be produced

Question 22

Pros and cons to immunity

Answer 22

Pros:
•eradicate diseases (eg.smallpox)
• even people aren’t immunised are unlikely to be infected

cons:
• sometimes doesn’t work (doesn’t give you immunity)
•can get a reaction to the vaccine

Question 23

Explain what herd immunity is

Answer 23

When lots of people are immune so less virus is being spread from an infected person to a non-infected person

Question 24

Explain how pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 24

Monoclonal antibodies to detect HCG in urine of a pregnant person
1. part which person pees on had antibodies with blue beads attached

2. The test strip also has some antibodies
3. If HCG is present antibodies bind to the hormone with beads on
4. urine travels up the stick. The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the strip

Question 25

How to measure obesity

Answer 25

BMI= mass(kg) ÷ height² (m)

waist to hip ratio= (cm)
waist circumference÷hip circumference