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Biology GCSE > Topic 5 - Health, Disease And Medicine > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Disease And Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of health

A

A state of physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

Types of disease

A

Communicable

Non-communicable

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Can be passed from one person to another

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4
Q

What is a non-communicable disease

A

Not passed between people

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5
Q

What is a pathogen

A

And organism that causes an infection disease

Bacteria/virus/fungi/protist

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6
Q

Characteristics of communicable disease

A

Rapid variation in number of cases overtime

Often localised

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7
Q

Example of communicable disease

A

Malaria
Cholera
Typhoid

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8
Q

Characteristics non-communicable disease

A

No. of cases changes gradually

May be widely spread

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9
Q

Example of non-communicable disease

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease

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10
Q

4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protist

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11
Q

How bacteria causes illness

A

May release toxins to make us feel ill

Some invade body cells

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12
Q

How virus causes illness

A

Takes over body cells DNA causing cell to make toxins

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13
Q

What is a fungi

A

A eukaryotic organism

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14
Q

How does a protist cause illness

A

Damage cells or how they work

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15
Q

Cholera

A

Communicable
Bacterium
Symptoms - diarrhoea

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16
Q

Malaria

A

Communicable
Protist
Symptoms- fever/weakness/temperatures

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17
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Communicable
Virus
Symptoms- maybe flu/repeated infections occur when immune system doesn’t work

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18
Q

TB

A

Communicable
Bacterium
Symptoms-Blood speckled mucus/ weight loss/ temperatures

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19
Q

Ebola

A

Communicable
Virus
Symptoms- Internal bleeding/ fever/ vomit/ diarrhoea

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20
Q

Stomach ulcers

A

Communicable
Bacterium
Symptoms- Stomach pain/bleeding

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21
Q

Ash die back

A

In plant
Communicable
Fungus
Symptoms- leaf loss/ bark damage/ Dieback of top of tree

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22
Q

Why is it useful to u dertsant how pathogens spread

A

Can try to find out how to reduce or prevent it

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23
Q

How does malaria spread

A

1) infect mosquito bites so injects protist
2) infect liver cells
3) infect red blood cells
4) another mosquito infected when bites this person

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24
Q

How does HIV/AIDS spread

A

1) virus enters blood and reproduces in white blood cells
2) causes white blood cell destruction
3) AIDS occurs, immune system doesn’t work
4) immune system can’t fight infections

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25
How Ebola spreads
1) Insects liver cells, blood vessel lining cells and white blood cells 2) it multiplies inside cells and destroys them 3) causing symptoms
26
How to reduce spread of cholera
Boil water | Wash hands to prevent spread by touch
27
How to reduce spread or TB
Ventilate buildings to reduce chance of breathing in bacteria in droplets of mucus
28
How to reduce spread of malaria
Prevent mosquito vectors eg use mosquito net
29
How to reduce stomach ulcers
Cook food to kill bacteria | Wash hands to avoid transfer
30
How to reduce spread of Ebola
Isolate infected people | Wear fully protective clothes around them
31
What are the 2 life cycles or a virus
Lytic | Lysogenic
32
How lytic virus lifecycle happens
1) Virus attach to host cell 2) Enters fell and injects it’s DNA or RNA 3) DNA copies itself causing new virus proteins to be made using organelles in host cell 4) These proteins make new viruses which are released from cell and so destroy host cell
33
How lysogenic virus lifecycle happens
1) virus inserts it’s DNA into chromosomes of host cell (now is provirus) 2) provirus replicates with rest of host DNA when cell divides 3) at some stage provirus may become active and make new viruses like stage 3and 4 of lytic
34
What is STI and 2 examples
Sexually transmitted infections | Chlamydia and HIV
35
How does chlamydia spread
With contact of sexual fluid of infected person as it’s bacterial Eg mother to child in birth
36
How does HIV spread
Unprotected sex Sharing needles Infected mother to foetus
37
How to reduce/prevent spread of STI’s
Condoms during sex Screen blood transfusions Supply drug users with sterile needles Treat infected with antibiotics (for bacterial infections)
38
2 types of human defences
Physical barriers | Chemical defences
39
What are physical barriers
Make it hard for pathogens to enter body
40
What are chemical defences
Kill or make pathogens inactive
41
Examples of physical barriers
- Unbroken skin too thick for pathogens to get through | - sticky mucus traps pathogens/cilia move mucus back up throat/swallow to allow acid to destroy it
42
Why is smoking bad (cilia)
Paralyses cilia so pathogens get in body more easily
43
Examples of chemical defences
- lysozyme found in tears, saliva and mucus kills bacteria | - hydrochloride acid on stomach kills pathogens
44
Immune system
Protects bodies by attacking pathogens
45
Lymphocytes
Part of the immune system
46
How immune system fights pathogens
1) each has unique antigen on surface 2) a lymphocyte creates an antibody to fit the antigen of pathogen 3) lymphocyte divides many times 4) antibodies stick to pathogen and destroy it 5) some are left in blood as memory lymphocytes
47
Anitbody definition
Produced by lymphocytes from white blood cells, they are specific to one kind of pathogen that they can therefore destroy
48
What is secondary response
When memory lymphocytes are able to respond quickly to pathogen
49
Immunisation definition
Person is given vaccine to prevent them becoming ill from disease
50
How vaccines work
1) contains small amount of antigen from pathogen (often dead or weakened) 2) persons white blood cells produce lymphocytes that produce antibodies and memory lymphocytes against pathogen 3) when infected memory lymphocytes fight disease
51
Advantages of immunisation
- doesn’t make you ill - last long time/life - if most people are immune herd immunity occurs
52
Disadvantages of immunisation
- Some people get mild form of disease | - rarely a person has major harmful reaction
53
What is herd immunity
If most people in a population are immune, people without the vaccine are less likely to catch disease
54
What are antibiotics
Medicines that kill BACTERIA in the body | Needs to be specific to bacteria
55
Example of antibiotics
Penicillin
56
What is it called when an antibiotic is no longer effective at killing bacteria
Resistance
57
How do antibiotics kill bacteria
1) inhibit cell processes in bacteria but not host cell 2) eg cell wall doesn’t form properly 3) animal cells don’t have cell walls so not affected
58
What apparatus is used for bacterial culture
Petri dish
59
What happens in bacterial culture
Clear area is where bacteria has been killed and antibiotic has worked
60
What temp should bacterial culture be done at
No more then 25C because if it’s warmer it could be harmful to humans (37C)
61
What does an aseptic technique do
Help prevent contammination from air + surfaces when working with microorganisms
62
Examples of aseptic techniques
- sterilise dishes and culture media (heat Petri dish and agar jelly to kill unwanted bacteria) - sterilise inoculating loops (hot flame) - seal Petri dishes (adhesive tape seal stops microorganisms in air getting in)
63
Medicines definition
Chemicals used to treat the cause of an illness
64
4 stages of developing and testing medicines
1) Discovery - screening organisms to see if they produce antibodies to kill bacteria 2) Preclinical testing - test on cultures to make sure it gets into cells to kill pathogens but not damage cell 3) Clinical trials (1) - healthy volunteer given small dose of drug to check it’s not toxic 4) Clinical trials (2) - patients with disease receive drug (given different doses to test if it works and find optimum close)
65
Monoclonal antibodies
Carry useful chemical markers or treatments | Set of these are identical as they produce in large quantities from the same hybridoma cells
66
Use of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy test Diagnosis of disease Treatment of disease
67
Factors that contribute to non-communicable diseases
``` Genes Age Sex Environment Lifestyle ```
68
Examples of non-communicable diseases
Cancer Cardiovascular disease Lung/liver disease Dietary diseases
69
Why is alcohol bad
Contains ethanol which is poisonous to cells | Liver damaged most as it gets there first after being absorbed by gut
70
Why smoking is a health risk
Carbon monoxide - reduces oxygen blood can carry Chemicals in tar cause cancers Can cause blood vessels to narrow (increase blood pressure) Lead to cardiovascular disease
71
What is malnutrition
When a person eats too much or too little of a nutrient
72
How are deficiency diseases caused
By consuming too little of a nutrient
73
What is obesity
Too much body fat
74
2 types of obesity measurements
Waist:Hip ratio | BMI
75
How to work out waist hip ratio
Waist measurement/hip measurement
76
What does waist hip mean
Higher the ratio, more at risk of diseases
77
How to work out BMI
Weight in Kg/(height in m)^2
78
What does BMI mean
Over 30 is obese
79
3 ways to treat cardiovascular disease
- Medication (beta blockers reduce blood pressure - Surgery (stent placed to narrow arteries) - Lifestyle changes (change diet/exercise)
80
Physical barriers of plant
Bark Thick waxy cuticle Spikes/thorns Cellulose cell walls difficult to break down
81
Plant chemical defences
- poisons in cells to kill or deter pests | - chemicals kill pathogens
82
Plant chemical used for medicine and why it is used
Aspirin (willow and other trees) | To relieve symptoms eg from fever

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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