Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology GCSE > Topic 4 - Natural Selection And GM > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Natural Selection And GM Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

Natural selection

A

Environment selects which individuals of a species pass on alleles depending on what variation reproduces in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Evidence of evolution to humans

A

Pentadactyl structure (five fingered limb) shared by many vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Old classification system

A

5 kingdoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Prokaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

New classification system

A

3 domain system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 domain system

A

Eubacteria (prokaryote)
Archea (prokaryotes mainly in warm and salty conditions)
Eukaryota (plants, animals, fungi, protista)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Order of human species

A 
Ardi 
Lucy
Homo habilis 
Homo erectus 
Homo sapiens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ardi characteristics

A

Tree climber

Walked upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lucy characteristics

A

Walked upright

Face ape-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homo habilis characteristics

A

Flat face like humans

Used simple stone tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Homo erectus characteristics

A

Long distance walker

Strongly built

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Homo sapiens characteristics

A

Uses complex tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Selective breeding definition

A

When plants (maybe animals) are bred together to inherit desired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does selective breeding produce

A

New breeds of animals and varieties of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reasons for selective breeding

A 
Disease resistance
Increase yield/size
Better to cope with environment
Faster growth
Flavour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disadvantages of selective breeding

A 
Less genetic diversity 
Genetic defects
Less desirable characteristics 
Offspring may not inherit
Little genetic variation can result in easy spread of disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genetic engineering definition

A

Changing genome of organism by introducing new genes to create genetically modified organisms

18
Q

How genetic engineering works

A

1) Gene cut out of chromosome using enzymes

2) Gene inserted into chromosome in nucleus of different organism

19
Q

Genome definition

A

DNA

20
Q

GM crops

A

Plants genetically modified so they have new characteristics

21
Q

What is a vector

A

Anything that carries gene into a cell eg plasmid

22
Q

Tissue culture

A

Using cell cultures to make many identical copies of an organism

23
Q

Example of how tissue culture is useful

A

To test drugs on cell cultures to see effects

24
Q

Why is agar jelly used in tissue culture

A

Contains nutrients to encourage growth

25
Q

Advantages of animal cell cultures

A
  • test effect of drugs

- produce important proteins eg antibodies

26
Q

Advantages of plant cell cultures

A
  • Produce many clones of GM plants
27
Q

Insulin step 1

A

Restriction enzymes cut DNA out

28
Q

Insulin step 2

A

Unpaired bases left at each end called sticky ends

29
Q

Insulin step 3

A

Restriction enzymes cut open plasmid (bacterial DNA) which also have sticky ends

30
Q

Insulin step 4

A

Bases with sticky ends mean insulin DNA can be placed in plasmids

31
Q

Insulin step 5

A

Enzyme DNA ligase link DNA into plasmid

32
Q

Insulin step 6

A

Plasmid places back into bacteria to divide rapidly

33
Q

What are Bt plants

A

Contains bacillus thuringiensis which produces a chemical which is poisonous to pest insects (known as Bt toxin)

34
Q

Example of insect resistant plant

A

Bt plants

35
Q

Advantages of GM plants

A
  • Increase crop yield

- Better for biodiversity as less chemicals to kill harmless insects

36
Q

Disadvantages of Gm crops

A
  • Seed from these plants is more expensive
  • insects can become resistant to toxins
  • gene may transfer to wild plants through pollination
37
Q

What solutions are there to providing food for growing populations

A

Fertilisers and biological control

38
Q

Advantages of fertilisers

A
  • contain nutrients to encourage growth of cell
  • increase crop yield
  • good way to use animal waste
39
Q

Disadvantages of fertilisers

A
  • Can cause eutrophication
  • Expensive to make if artificial
  • Artificial fertilisers reduce soul biodiversity
40
Q

What is biological control

A

When a natural predator, parasite or disease of the pest is used to keep population low

41
Q

Advantages of biological control

A
  • Pest cannot become resistant
  • Control agent can be specific to pest
  • Doesn’t leave harmful resedues or kill useful organisms like chemicals
42
Q

Disadvantages of biological control

A
  • Doesn’t get rid of pest completely

- Control agent may become pest itself

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions