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Biology GCSE > Key Concepts > Flashcards

Key Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Has a nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Has no nucleus

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3
Q

Sub cellular structures in animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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4
Q

Sub cellular structures in plant cells

A 
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Ribosomes
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5
Q

Sub cellular structures in bacteria cell

A 
Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Flagella
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6
Q

Specialised cells examples

A

Sperm
Egg
Ciliates epithelial

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7
Q

How is sperm adapted

A

Acrosome
Haploid nucleus
Mitochondria
Tail

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8
Q

How is egg adapted

A

Nutrients in cytoplasm
Haploid nucleus
Changes in cell membrane after fertilisation

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9
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses light and it’s greatest possible magnification is around x2000

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10
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Uses electrons, can view object up to around x10 million

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11
Q

Why is electron microscope better

A

Can see cell structures and organelles more clearly

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12
Q

Pico

A

(10^-12)

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13
Q

Milli

A

(10^-3)

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14
Q

Nano

A

(10^-9)

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15
Q

Micro

A

(10^-6)

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16
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

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17
Q

Enzymes have to be _____ to their substrate

A

Specific

18
Q

3 factors that affect enzyme activity

A

Temperature
Substrate concentration
pH

19
Q

Why do enzymes have to be specific

A

So that the substrate is able to fit into the active site of the enzyme

20
Q

What happens when an enzyme is denatured

A

The active site changes shape and therefore the substrate cannot fit

21
Q

What happens with enzymes at low temperatures

A

Molecules move more slowly so the reaction is slower as it takes longer for the substrate to fit into active site

22
Q

What is the optimum temperature

A

The point at which the enzyme works at its fastest rate

23
Q

What does adding more substrate cause to happen

A

Increases rate of reaction

24
Q

Why is there a limit to the amount of substrate that speeds the reaction

A

Eventually the active site of every enzyme will be busy

25
Q

Optimum temperature for enzymes to work at (usually)

A

37C

26
Q

Why does pH affect enzyme activity

A

Can change shape of active site

27
Q

What is enzymes sole purpose

A

Break down large molecules into smaller ones, so they can be in the bloodstream

28
Q

What enzymes digests carbohydrates

A

Amylase

29
Q

What does amylase do

A

Digest carbohydrate (eg starch) into sugar (eg glucose)

30
Q

Enzyme that digests lipids

A

Lipase

31
Q

What does lipase do

A

Digest lipids (eg energy storage) into fatty acids/glycerol (eg for respiration)

32
Q

What enzyme digests proteins

A

Protease

33
Q

What does protease do

A

Digest protein (eg for muscle cells) into amino acids (eg to make enzymes)

34
Q

What does it mean that an enzyme is a catalyst

A

It speeds up the reaction but is not used

35
Q

What does iodine test for and how

A

Starch
If present - blue black
If not present - yellow/orange

36
Q

What does Benedicts solution test for and how

A

Sugar
If present - green>orange>red (depend on how much sugar)
If not present - blue

37
Q

Wha does biuret test test for and how

A

Protein
If present- pale purple
If not present- pale blue

38
Q

What does ethanol test for and how

A

Fat
If present- cloudy
If not present - clear

39
Q

What is diffusion

A

High concentration of molecules moves to a low concentration
Eg gaseous exchange

40
Q

What is active transport

A

Low concentration of molecules to a high concentration

Eg roots absorb nutrients from soil

41
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water from high concentration to low

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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