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Biology > Topic 5: Health and Disease > Flashcards

Topic 5: Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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2
Q

Name 2 types of disease

A
  • Communicable
  • Non-communicable
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3
Q

Define a communicable disease

A

A disease that can be transferred through touch

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4
Q

Define a non communicable disease and its risk factors (5)

A

A disease that cannot be transferred through touch and has risk factors:
- heart disease
- tobacco use
- poor diet
- excessive alcohol use
- physical inactivity

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5
Q

Define cardiovascular disease CVD

A

A term used to describe disease of heart and blood vessels.

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6
Q

Name 3 risk factors of CVD

A
  • smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • obesity and in particular abdominal fat
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7
Q

What is the formula for BMI

A

weight / height ^2

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8
Q

Why is BMI not a good indicator?

A

Muscle is heavier than fat, so BMI may wrongly indicate obesity in a sports player like a rugby player

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9
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A disease causing micro-organism. It may be bacteria, virus or protist

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10
Q

What is cholera and what does it cause

A

Bacteria
Causes diarrhoea

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11
Q

What is tuberculosis and what does it cause

A

Bacteria
Causes lung damage

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12
Q

What is chalara ash dieback and what does it cause

A

Fungi
Causes leaf loss and bark lesions

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13
Q

What is malaria and what does it cause

A

Protist
Causes damage to blood and liver
Pathogen is plasmodium

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14
Q

What is HIV and what does it cause

A

Virus
Destroys white blood cells which leads to AIDS

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15
Q

What is Chlamydia and what does it cause

A

Bacteria
Can cause rashes and infertility

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16
Q

What are stomach ulcers and what does it cause

A

Bacteria
Affects stomach lining
Bacteria is Helicobacter

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17
Q

What is ebola and what does it cause

A

Virus
Causes haemorrhagic fever

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18
Q

How is cholera transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

Water borne
Ensuring access to clean water

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19
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

Air borne
Maintaining good hygiene

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20
Q

How is chalara ash dieback transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

air borne
cutting of diseased sections

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21
Q

How is malaria transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

vectors of a mosquito
Use mosquito repellent or nets

22
Q

How are stomach ulcers transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

oral transmission
Not sharing cups or utensils

23
Q

How is ebola transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

bodily fluids
isolation of infected individuals

24
Q

How is Chlamydia transmitted and how can it be prevented

A

unprotected sexual contact
Use of barrier contraception

25
How is HIV transmitted and how can it be prevented
Direct contact of bodily fluid eg. needle or sex Don't share needles Use barrier contraception for sex
26
Name physical defences in humans
- Skin - Hairs and mucus -Cilia in the trachea and bronchi (lines airways and reproductive organs)
27
Name chemical defences in humans
- Stomach acid - Lysozymes in tears -Natural protective flora in the stomach and gut
28
Define a virus
A non- living pathogen
29
First 2 steps that all virus perform
The phage/virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA The phage/virus circularizes
30
Describe the lytic cycle
- New viral DNA and proteins are synthesized using the bacterial cell's ribosomes and assembled into new viral cells. - The cell lyses (bursts) releasing virus(phages)
31
Describe lysogenic cycle
- Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome becoming a prophage - The bacterium reproduces normally, copying the prophage and transmitting it to the daughter cells - Many cell divisions produce a large population of bacteria infected. - Over time, the phage DNA is exercised from the bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle
32
Describe the specific immune response (general pathway)
- exposed to a pathogen - the antigens trigger an immune response, which causes the production of antibodies - antigens also trigger the production of memory lymphocytes. (secondary response)
33
Name and describe the 3 types of white blood cell
- Phagocyte: Digests pathogen - Memory lymphocyte: Is created if the same pathogen arrives and will deploy the required antibodies straight away. - B-lymphocyte: produces antibodies or antitoxins, which can neutralise the harmful effects of substances the pathogen produces
34
Explain the process of immunisation
- body is injected with a dead, weakened or inactive version of the pathogen. -this simulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies, so if the pathogen does infect your body, your body would automatically perform the secondary response.
35
Advantages of vaccination
They have eradicated many diseases like smallpox epidemics can be prevented by herd immunity.
36
Disadvantages of vaccination
Side effects may occur
37
What is herd immunity
Where most people in the population are vaccinated against a disease which protects others from the disease
38
Why can antibiotics only be used for bacterial infections
Antibiotics inhibit cell processes in the bacterium not the organism itself
39
When using aseptic technique why would you sterilise the petri dishes by autoclave or UV light
So other organisms don't contaminate the dish, which would affect your results
40
When using aseptic technique why would you sterilise inoculating loops by flame
To kill unwanted micro-organism
41
When using aseptic technique why would you cover the petri dish but not air tight ?
To stop air borne micro organisms from entering but does not remove oxygen otherwise harmful anaerobic bacteria may grow
42
What are the effects of alcohol on liver
Alcohol can cause disease such as cirrhosis.
43
what are the effects of smoking on cardiovascular disease?
Smoking can cause problems with breathing or COPD, coronary obstructive pulmonary disease
44
Advantages and disadvantages of life long medication for cardiovascular disease
- Slows rate of fatty acid deposits forming,which reduces the chance of stroke and is less risky than surgery - long-term and can be expensive for the NHS eg.statins
45
Advantages and disadvantages of surgical procedures for cardiovascular disease
They are effective for a long time don't matter if poor choices continue after surgery they are also risky eg. stents
46
Advantages and disadvantages of lifestyle changes for cardiovascular disease
Helps reduce risk of cardiovascular disease
47
Define a monoclonal antibody
Identical copies of antibodies that have been made in laboratories. Need to be made in large numbers to work properly
48
Define a hybridoma
Fusion of cancerous cells and lymphocytes in order to allow white blood cells to divide quickly
49
Name 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies
- pregnancy test kits - locating blood clots and cancer cells - locating, diagnosing and treating some cancers
50
How do we use monoclonal antibodies to locate blood clots and cancer cells ?
- monoclonal antibody binds with liquid radiation - this combination binds onto the antigen
51
How do we use monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer

Biology (7 decks)

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