Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Topic 5 - Global development > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Global development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What are 3 economic factors that comprise quality of life?

A

Income
Job security
Standard of living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 3 social factors that comprise quality of life?

A

Family and friends
Education
Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 4 physical factors that comprise quality of life?

A

Diet
Water supply
Climate
Environmental hazards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 psychological factors that comprise quality of life?

A

Happiness
Security
Freedom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 measurement indexes that measure development?

A

Gross Domestic Product
Human Development index
Corruption perceptions index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What measurements make up the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

Life expectancy
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
GNI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does GNI stand for?

A

Gross National Income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 4 trends do we see happen as countries develop?

A
  1. Infant mortality rate falls
  2. Total fertility rate falls
  3. Life expectancy rises
  4. % of population living in urban areas rises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two measuring systems do we use to measure inequality?

A

Gini Coefficient
Gross Disposable Household Income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give 7 examples of global strategies to reduce uneven development.

A
  1. FDI
  2. International aid
  3. Fair trade
  4. Debt relief
  5. Remittances
  6. Top-down development
  7. Bottom-up development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 6 different types of aid.

A
  1. Tied aid
  2. Multilateral aid
  3. Bilateral aid
  4. Charitable aid
  5. Long-term aid
  6. Short-term aid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the level of development of a country show?

A

How economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced it is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the human development index?

A

A compound index used to measure development - key components are education, health and wealth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give 8 measures that can measure development.

A

Birth rate
Death rate
Access to clean water
Number of people per doctor
GNI per capita
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Literacy rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does GNI per capita mean?

A

The total income of a country divided by the number of people in that country.
Gross National Income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of infants that do not survive past the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of adults that can read and write.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does DTM stand for?

A

Demographic transition model.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the DTM?

A

Shows 5 stages of development - how population, birth rate and death rate are linked depending on level of development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the HDI the best measurement of develpoment?

A

Because it takes into account both economic and social measures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an example of a physical factor that can influence development?

A

Very hot climates or arid climates which make it difficult to grow sufficient food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some examples of environmental factors that can influence development?

A

Extreme flooding or desertification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is desertification?

A

Desert conditions in arid regions due to human activities, drought or CC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 5 factors contributing to the human development of a country?

A
  • economic
  • social
  • cultural
  • technological
  • food and water security
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the economic factors affecting development.

A

High levels of debt means that countries have to pay a lot of money in repayments and there is very little left over for development projects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain the social factors affecting development.

A

Some parts of the world have issues that are caused by people. These include low levels of education, poor water quality or a lack of doctors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain the political factors affecting development.

A

Some countries are at war or the government may be corrupt. Leading to money being directed at war and already wealthy individuals instead of education and infrastructure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Explain how natural resources affect development.

A

Some countries have an abundance of raw materials such as oil or precious minerals. These can be sold and the money invested into developing the country.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does a country obtain a good balance of trade?

A

Lower imports and higher exports - profit can be made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

When one country gives money to another - involves only 2 countries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

When more than one country gives money - through the World Bank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is short-term emergency aid?

A

Needed after sudden disasters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is non-governmental aid?

A

Aid provided via charities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is long-term aid?

A

It is a continuous programme which introduces schemes to help things like health care, education and food production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is non-governmental aid also known as?

A

Voluntary aid or Charitable aid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of country is India?

A

A rapidly developing nation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is India destined to do in the future?

A

Overtake the USA in terms of it’s global importance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How big is India’s population?

A

Second biggest population in the world - 1.39 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the 5 megacities of India?

A

New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkhata, Bengaluru, Chennai.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is India’s literacy rate?

A

74.4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How is urban India different to rural India in terms of literacy rates?

A

Urban India has much higher literacy rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why has urban India got much higher literacy rates?

A

Rural villages are very isolated from services and education, agricultural work is the main source of income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is India’s government active in?

A

International organisations such as UN and G20.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Give evidence to prove that India is politically developed.

A

Has the largest voting population in the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe India’s political relationships.

A

Tries to maintain good relationships.
Has political disagreements with China over the border.
Political disagreements with Pakistan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How many tourists visit India every year?

A

10 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What tourist destination is located in India?

A

The Taj Mahal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the name of a large film industry in India?

A

Bollywood - make 2x the amount of films as Hollywood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What 4 religions were introduced by Indian people?

A

Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is GDP?

A

The value of any goods, services and produce made within a country.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Evidence suggesting India has a large economy.

A

5th largest economy in the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Explain why India has experienced economic growth.

A

India has become more globalised - more businesses are trading internationally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Give an example of a method India has used to become more globalised.

A

Outsourcing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Where a company hires another foreign company from to provide them with a service.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are examples of companies that outsource in India?

A

BT, Barclays, and Microsoft - hire other Indian companies to set up their customer call centres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Why is India an attractive location for TNC’s to outsource there?

A
  1. Workers are well-spoken in English - can communicate with customers.
  2. Low minimum wage in India - company can reduce costs
  3. Large working population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why are TNC’s investing in shops and restaurants in India?

A

Growing population of working and middle class TNC’s can sell their goods to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

2 pieces of evidence that India is becoming more globalised.

A
  1. Outsourcing
  2. TNC’s investing in restaurants and shops in India
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the negative effects of TNC’s investing in factories in India?

A

Workers are exploited - work in unsafe conditions without workers rights.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What may TNC’s do when constructing factories that puts workers at risk?

A

Construct them cheaply to reduce business costs - results in building collapsing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Give an example of when a factory in India has collapsed.

A

2020 - roof collapsed in a factory in New Delhi killing 4 people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What effect does urbanisation have on migration patterns in India?

A

Young people moving from rural to urban areas.

63
Q

What is a pull factor that encourages young people to move from rural to urban locations?

A

Young people can attend universities. Leading to higher paid jobs.

64
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of urban-rural migration in India?

A

Rural areas are left without a young, working population - older people cannot retire from farming.
Many migrants can’t afford the price of living - leading to shanty towns.

65
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of urbanisation in India?

A

Loss of natural greenfield land - reduction of biodiversity.

66
Q

Give examples of how the water systems in India has suffered as a result of urbanisation.

A

In Bengaluru, 19 lakes have been emptied, filled or built over.
In many cities, sewage from informal housing is emptied into rivers.

67
Q

How has biodiversity been reduced?

A

Concrete covers most land.
Habitats are lost to housing or industry development.

68
Q

Define development.

A

A positive change to quality of life.

69
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A transnational corporation - a firm controls productive operations in more than one country.

70
Q

What is a bottom-up project?

A

Small scheme that is planned and controlled by NGO’s in order to help the local area.

71
Q

What is corruption?

A

Governments steal money, from aid or for the people, for financial gain and increase their power.

72
Q

What is foreign policy?

A

A countries policies and government agreements regarding other countries.

73
Q

What is GDP?

A

The value of all produce and spending within a country.

74
Q

What is informal work?

A

Self-employed or temporary work that provides a small wage.

75
Q

What is an LIC?

A

Lower income country. A country of low wealth and development.

76
Q

What is the quaternary industry?

A

Employment and businesses in finance, technology or research.

77
Q

What is a territorial dispute?

A

Disagreements between countries over who owns an area of land.

78
Q

What is a top-down project?

A

A large-scale scheme to improve development, organised by the government or a large TNC.

79
Q

What is topgraphy?

A

The shape and relief of the land.

80
Q

Positive impacts of India’s rapid devlopment.

A

Improved education system - led to skilled workforce.
Lots of FDI from TNC’s.
Improve infrastructure.
Develop ICT industry.

81
Q

Negative impacts of India’s rapid development.

A

Increased pollution and waste production.
Affects wildlife and habitats.
Increased spread of disease.
Greater divide in core and periphery areas.

82
Q

What is a core area in India?

A

Mumbai.

83
Q

What is a periphery area in India?

A

Bihar.

84
Q

Explain why there are disparities in India.

A

Coastal locations - allowing trade.
Green revolution greatest in the south - south-west.
Drought and crop failure.

85
Q

What was the green revolution?

A

Increase in the production of grain and cereals.

86
Q

What state in India experiences drought and crop failure, hindering development?

A

Rajasthan.

87
Q

How many of India’s rivers are polluted?

A

275

88
Q

Give evidence that India is polluted.

A

13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in India.

89
Q

What is FDI?

A

When a company invests in a company in a different country and gains some control over what that company does.

90
Q

Advantages of top-down development.

A
  1. Access large sums of money.
  2. Benefit a large number of people.
  3. High technology.
91
Q

Disadvantages of top-down development.

A
  1. Local people do not benefit.
  2. Governments and TNC’s become disconnected with people.
92
Q

Describe India’s change in industrial structure.

A

1980’s - primary - farmers.
After 1980’s - India encouraged TNC’s to set up - secondary - factories
Increased FDI - tertiary and quaternary.

93
Q

2 reasons why are TNC’s attracted to India.

A

Employees will work for low wages
Well-educated - can speak English

94
Q

What are the advantages of TNC’s in India?

A

Created job and offered education and training to employees - led to the multiplier effect
TNC’s pay tax to government - can be spent on development projects

95
Q

What are the disadvantages of TNC’s in India?

A

TNC’s taking advantage of the relaxed environmental laws - increasing air pollution.
Harsh conditions for workers.
Economic leakage.

96
Q

What is economic leakage?

A

When profit is sent abroad.

97
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

A TNC opening may lead to the local area benefitting - have more customers in a sandwich shop.

98
Q

What is India’s trading like?

A

Successfully creating trading relationships with other countries.

99
Q

Why does India have a negative balance of trade?

A

Spend more on imports than they receive for exports.

100
Q

How has India’s population structure changed?

A

An ageing population - as birth rate decreases and life expectancy increases.

101
Q

What are the reasons for India’s very young population in 1985?

A

Birth rate high - for children to work on the farm
Life expectancy for older was low - due to poor medical care and lack of access to clean water

102
Q

What are the reasons for India’s change in population structure?

A

More people work in secondary and tertiary jobs - children are seen as less of an asset to help on farms.
Development of economy has improved education - more people are pursuing a career before having children.
Improved medical care - increases life expectancy

103
Q

What is tied aid?

A

aid that is given with conditions attached.

104
Q

What is an example of a slum in India?

A

Dharvi

105
Q

What are the changes India is seeing in it’s social structure?

A

A growing middle-class.
Less children working - more people of working age working.

106
Q

Give a statistic for how life expectancy has changed in India.

A

From 58 - 70 in the last 30 years.

107
Q

How has India improved environmentally?

A

National Green Tribunal - set up in 2010.

108
Q

What does the National Green Tribunal deal with?

A

issues of environmental protection and conservation

109
Q

What principle does the National Green Tribunal go by?

A

Polluter pays - those who pollute have to pay to clean it up.

110
Q

How has transport become more sustainable in Mumbai?

A

Metro system.
A ban on diesel cars .

111
Q

What type of recycling has surfaced in India?

A

e-waste recycling.
Old computers and electronics are broken down and reused.

112
Q

Explain the economic factors contributing to human developement.

A

Income, cost of living and employment rates.

113
Q

Explain the social factors contributing to human development.

A

Access to healthcare, education, housing and leisure.

114
Q

Explain the cultural factors contributing to human development.

A

Democracy and work-life balance

115
Q

Explain the technological factors contributing to human development.

A

Internet access, mechanisation and electricity

116
Q

What is GDP?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

117
Q

What is the corruption perception index?

A

Grades the quality of governments from highly corrupt to very clean.

118
Q

Describe the global distribution of development.

A

Above Brandt line - developed
Below Brandt line- lower levels of development.

119
Q

Why is the Brandt line model not good?

A

Simplistic compared with reality.

120
Q

Give 4 strategies used to reduced uneven development.

A
  1. International aid
  2. Removing tariffs (trade agreements)
  3. Fair trade
  4. FDI
121
Q

What is FDI?

A

When a TNC invests in another country - potentially pushing up wages and bringing in investmet.

122
Q

How does removing tariffs reduced uneven development?

A

Removes tax barriers - helping countries to increase trade.

123
Q

Advantage of bottom-up development.

A

They target
specific needs of local
people.

124
Q

Disadvantage of bottom-up development.

A

Development is
slow and small-scale, and
reliant on NGO support and solutions.

125
Q

Give social context to India.

A

Population divided into 29 states.
Population is divided into social ranks called “castes”.

126
Q

Give cultural context to India.

A

80% of the population are Hindu.
Other religions including Islam, Sikhism and Buddhism.
Bollywood - 1600 films a year.

127
Q

Give environmental context to India.

A

India experiences two monsoon seasons.
The north-east monsoon occurs during the cooler months and the south-west monsoon during the warmer months.

128
Q

Give a example of a core region in India.

A

Goa.

129
Q

Give a example of a periphery region in India.

A

Bihar

130
Q

Why is Bihar a peripheral region?

A

Little investment in infrastructure and industry
means development is slow. Lack of clean water and
unreliable rainfall makes life very difficult.

131
Q

Why is Goa a core region?

A

An investment in industries has brought exports and wealth to the region.

132
Q

When did India gain it’s independence?

A

1947

133
Q

How has the primary sector changed in India?

A

Agriculture has halved to a quarter of it’s GDP as people migrate from rural areas to urban cities in search of work.

134
Q

What happened in the 1980’s that caused India to change economically?

A

Started to encourage FDI.

135
Q

How has the secondary sector changed in India?

A

Industrialisation is increasing. However, it is
causing air pollution and increasing the population density in
cities (unplanned settlements).

136
Q

How has the tertiary sector changed in India?

A

Services have doubled to over 50% of GDP owing
to increased job opportunities.

137
Q

How has the quaternary sector changed in India?

A

India has developed one of the fastest growing
telecommunication markets in the world, creating over 1
million ICT jobs.

138
Q

What are India’s key imports?

A

Oil, gold, silver, and electrical
goods.

139
Q

What are India’s key exports?

A

Oil products, gems and jewellery

140
Q

Describe public investment in India.

A

The public sector is very big in India – it
invests in education, healthcare, transport and housing.

141
Q

Describe private investment in India.

A

TNCs are key to India’s economic
development.

142
Q

How has inequality changed in India?

A

Increased - widening gap between the rich and the poor.
Women still continue to have a lower social status.

143
Q

How has education changed in India?

A

Greater investment in schools allowed literacy rate to improve.

144
Q

What is geopolitics?

A

The impact of a country’s human and physical
geography on its international politics and relations.

145
Q

What are the military pacts India has?

A

Building links with Russia to supply them with missiles and jets.

146
Q

What are the foreign policies India has?

A

India is building links with France and Canada to encourage defence, energy and infrastructure.

147
Q

Why is India working with the USA?

A

India is building links with the USA to provide warships
and planes for assistance and disaster relief.

148
Q

What are India’s territorial disputes?

A

In dispute with China.
Dams limit each others water supply.

149
Q

What term is used to show the technological inequality in core and periphery areas in India?

A

Digital divide.

150
Q

What are the negative impacts of rapid development in India?

A

Deforestation and desertification
Increased CO₂ emissions
Lack of housing – shanty towns
Cost of new infrastructure

151
Q

What are the positive impacts of rapid development in India?

A

Better jobs, income and healthcare.
Larger workforce, stronger
economy
Increase in tourism – jobs
and income.

152
Q

What is the biggest negative impact of rapid development in India?

A

Growing gap between core and periphery regions.

153
Q

How has India become more sustainable?

A

India has agreed to invest in renewable energy such as solar power and plant more forest to absorb carbon emissions.

Geography (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions