Topic 5 - Global development Flashcards
1
Q
What are 3 economic factors that comprise quality of life?
A
Income
Job security
Standard of living
2
Q
What are 3 social factors that comprise quality of life?
A
Family and friends
Education
Health
3
Q
What are 4 physical factors that comprise quality of life?
A
Diet
Water supply
Climate
Environmental hazards
4
Q
What are 3 psychological factors that comprise quality of life?
A
Happiness
Security
Freedom
5
Q
What are 3 measurement indexes that measure development?
A
Gross Domestic Product
Human Development index
Corruption perceptions index
6
Q
What measurements make up the Human Development Index (HDI)?
A
Life expectancy
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
GNI
7
Q
What does GNI stand for?
A
Gross National Income
8
Q
What 4 trends do we see happen as countries develop?
A
- Infant mortality rate falls
- Total fertility rate falls
- Life expectancy rises
- % of population living in urban areas rises
9
Q
What two measuring systems do we use to measure inequality?
A
Gini Coefficient
Gross Disposable Household Income
10
Q
Give 7 examples of global strategies to reduce uneven development.
A
- FDI
- International aid
- Fair trade
- Debt relief
- Remittances
- Top-down development
- Bottom-up development
11
Q
Give 6 different types of aid.
A
- Tied aid
- Multilateral aid
- Bilateral aid
- Charitable aid
- Long-term aid
- Short-term aid.
12
Q
What does the level of development of a country show?
A
How economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced it is.
13
Q
What is the human development index?
A
A compound index used to measure development - key components are education, health and wealth.
14
Q
Give 8 measures that can measure development.
A
Birth rate
Death rate
Access to clean water
Number of people per doctor
GNI per capita
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Literacy rate
15
Q
What does GNI per capita mean?
A
The total income of a country divided by the number of people in that country.
Gross National Income
16
Q
What is infant mortality rate?
A
The number of infants that do not survive past the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.
17
Q
What is literacy rate?
A
The percentage of adults that can read and write.
18
Q
What does DTM stand for?
A
Demographic transition model.
19
Q
What is the DTM?
A
Shows 5 stages of development - how population, birth rate and death rate are linked depending on level of development.
20
Q
Why is the HDI the best measurement of develpoment?
A
Because it takes into account both economic and social measures.
21
Q
What is an example of a physical factor that can influence development?
A
Very hot climates or arid climates which make it difficult to grow sufficient food.
22
Q
What are some examples of environmental factors that can influence development?
A
Extreme flooding or desertification.
23
Q
What is desertification?
A
Desert conditions in arid regions due to human activities, drought or CC.
24
Q
What are 5 factors contributing to the human development of a country?
A
- economic
- social
- cultural
- technological
- food and water security
25
Explain the economic factors affecting development.
High levels of debt means that countries have to pay a lot of money in repayments and there is very little left over for development projects.
26
Explain the social factors affecting development.
Some parts of the world have issues that are caused by people. These include low levels of education, poor water quality or a lack of doctors.
27
Explain the political factors affecting development.
Some countries are at war or the government may be corrupt. Leading to money being directed at war and already wealthy individuals instead of education and infrastructure.
28
Explain how natural resources affect development.
Some countries have an abundance of raw materials such as oil or precious minerals. These can be sold and the money invested into developing the country.
29
How does a country obtain a good balance of trade?
Lower imports and higher exports - profit can be made.
30
What is bilateral aid?
When one country gives money to another - involves only 2 countries.
31
What is multilateral aid?
When more than one country gives money - through the World Bank
32
What is short-term emergency aid?
Needed after sudden disasters.
33
What is non-governmental aid?
Aid provided via charities.
34
What is long-term aid?
It is a continuous programme which introduces schemes to help things like health care, education and food production.
35
What is non-governmental aid also known as?
Voluntary aid or Charitable aid.
36
What type of country is India?
A rapidly developing nation.
37
What is India destined to do in the future?
Overtake the USA in terms of it's global importance.
38
How big is India's population?
Second biggest population in the world - 1.39 billion
39
What are the 5 megacities of India?
New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkhata, Bengaluru, Chennai.
40
What is India's literacy rate?
74.4%
41
How is urban India different to rural India in terms of literacy rates?
Urban India has much higher literacy rates.
42
Why has urban India got much higher literacy rates?
Rural villages are very isolated from services and education, agricultural work is the main source of income.
43
What is India's government active in?
International organisations such as UN and G20.
44
Give evidence to prove that India is politically developed.
Has the largest voting population in the world.
45
Describe India's political relationships.
Tries to maintain good relationships.
Has political disagreements with China over the border.
Political disagreements with Pakistan.
46
How many tourists visit India every year?
10 million
47
What tourist destination is located in India?
The Taj Mahal.
48
What is the name of a large film industry in India?
Bollywood - make 2x the amount of films as Hollywood.
49
What 4 religions were introduced by Indian people?
Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.
50
What is GDP?
The value of any goods, services and produce made within a country.
51
Evidence suggesting India has a large economy.
5th largest economy in the world.
52
Explain why India has experienced economic growth.
India has become more globalised - more businesses are trading internationally.
53
Give an example of a method India has used to become more globalised.
Outsourcing.
54
What is outsourcing?
Where a company hires another foreign company from to provide them with a service.
55
What are examples of companies that outsource in India?
BT, Barclays, and Microsoft - hire other Indian companies to set up their customer call centres.
56
Why is India an attractive location for TNC's to outsource there?
1. Workers are well-spoken in English - can communicate with customers.
2. Low minimum wage in India - company can reduce costs
3. Large working population
57
Why are TNC's investing in shops and restaurants in India?
Growing population of working and middle class TNC's can sell their goods to.
58
2 pieces of evidence that India is becoming more globalised.
1. Outsourcing
2. TNC's investing in restaurants and shops in India
59
What are the negative effects of TNC's investing in factories in India?
Workers are exploited - work in unsafe conditions without workers rights.
60
What may TNC's do when constructing factories that puts workers at risk?
Construct them cheaply to reduce business costs - results in building collapsing.
61
Give an example of when a factory in India has collapsed.
2020 - roof collapsed in a factory in New Delhi killing 4 people.
62
What effect does urbanisation have on migration patterns in India?
Young people moving from rural to urban areas.
63
What is a pull factor that encourages young people to move from rural to urban locations?
Young people can attend universities. Leading to higher paid jobs.
64
What are 2 disadvantages of urban-rural migration in India?
Rural areas are left without a young, working population - older people cannot retire from farming.
Many migrants can't afford the price of living - leading to shanty towns.
65
What are the environmental disadvantages of urbanisation in India?
Loss of natural greenfield land - reduction of biodiversity.
66
Give examples of how the water systems in India has suffered as a result of urbanisation.
In Bengaluru, 19 lakes have been emptied, filled or built over.
In many cities, sewage from informal housing is emptied into rivers.
67
How has biodiversity been reduced?
Concrete covers most land.
Habitats are lost to housing or industry development.
68
Define development.
A positive change to quality of life.
69
What is a TNC?
A transnational corporation - a firm controls productive operations in more than one country.
70
What is a bottom-up project?
Small scheme that is planned and controlled by NGO's in order to help the local area.
71
What is corruption?
Governments steal money, from aid or for the people, for financial gain and increase their power.
72
What is foreign policy?
A countries policies and government agreements regarding other countries.
73
What is GDP?
The value of all produce and spending within a country.
74
What is informal work?
Self-employed or temporary work that provides a small wage.
75
What is an LIC?
Lower income country. A country of low wealth and development.
76
What is the quaternary industry?
Employment and businesses in finance, technology or research.
77
What is a territorial dispute?
Disagreements between countries over who owns an area of land.
78
What is a top-down project?
A large-scale scheme to improve development, organised by the government or a large TNC.
79
What is topgraphy?
The shape and relief of the land.
80
Positive impacts of India's rapid devlopment.
Improved education system - led to skilled workforce.
Lots of FDI from TNC's.
Improve infrastructure.
Develop ICT industry.
81
Negative impacts of India's rapid development.
Increased pollution and waste production.
Affects wildlife and habitats.
Increased spread of disease.
Greater divide in core and periphery areas.
82
What is a core area in India?
Mumbai.
83
What is a periphery area in India?
Bihar.
84
Explain why there are disparities in India.
Coastal locations - allowing trade.
Green revolution greatest in the south - south-west.
Drought and crop failure.
85
What was the green revolution?
Increase in the production of grain and cereals.
86
What state in India experiences drought and crop failure, hindering development?
Rajasthan.
87
How many of India's rivers are polluted?
275
88
Give evidence that India is polluted.
13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in India.
89
What is FDI?
When a company invests in a company in a different country and gains some control over what that company does.
90
Advantages of top-down development.
1. Access large sums of money.
2. Benefit a large number of people.
3. High technology.
91
Disadvantages of top-down development.
1. Local people do not benefit.
2. Governments and TNC's become disconnected with people.
92
Describe India's change in industrial structure.
1980's - primary - farmers.
After 1980's - India encouraged TNC's to set up - secondary - factories
Increased FDI - tertiary and quaternary.
93
2 reasons why are TNC's attracted to India.
Employees will work for low wages
Well-educated - can speak English
94
What are the advantages of TNC's in India?
Created job and offered education and training to employees - led to the multiplier effect
TNC's pay tax to government - can be spent on development projects
95
What are the disadvantages of TNC's in India?
TNC's taking advantage of the relaxed environmental laws - increasing air pollution.
Harsh conditions for workers.
Economic leakage.
96
What is economic leakage?
When profit is sent abroad.
97
What is the multiplier effect?
A TNC opening may lead to the local area benefitting - have more customers in a sandwich shop.
98
What is India's trading like?
Successfully creating trading relationships with other countries.
99
Why does India have a negative balance of trade?
Spend more on imports than they receive for exports.
100
How has India's population structure changed?
An ageing population - as birth rate decreases and life expectancy increases.
101
What are the reasons for India's very young population in 1985?
Birth rate high - for children to work on the farm
Life expectancy for older was low - due to poor medical care and lack of access to clean water
102
What are the reasons for India's change in population structure?
More people work in secondary and tertiary jobs - children are seen as less of an asset to help on farms.
Development of economy has improved education - more people are pursuing a career before having children.
Improved medical care - increases life expectancy
103
What is tied aid?
aid that is given with conditions attached.
104
What is an example of a slum in India?
Dharvi
105
What are the changes India is seeing in it's social structure?
A growing middle-class.
Less children working - more people of working age working.
106
Give a statistic for how life expectancy has changed in India.
From 58 - 70 in the last 30 years.
107
How has India improved environmentally?
National Green Tribunal - set up in 2010.
108
What does the National Green Tribunal deal with?
issues of environmental protection and conservation
109
What principle does the National Green Tribunal go by?
Polluter pays - those who pollute have to pay to clean it up.
110
How has transport become more sustainable in Mumbai?
Metro system.
A ban on diesel cars .
111
What type of recycling has surfaced in India?
e-waste recycling.
Old computers and electronics are broken down and reused.
112
Explain the economic factors contributing to human developement.
Income, cost of living and employment rates.
113
Explain the social factors contributing to human development.
Access to healthcare, education, housing and leisure.
114
Explain the cultural factors contributing to human development.
Democracy and work-life balance
115
Explain the technological factors contributing to human development.
Internet access, mechanisation and electricity
116
What is GDP?
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
117
What is the corruption perception index?
Grades the quality of governments from highly corrupt to very clean.
118
Describe the global distribution of development.
Above Brandt line - developed
Below Brandt line- lower levels of development.
119
Why is the Brandt line model not good?
Simplistic compared with reality.
120
Give 4 strategies used to reduced uneven development.
1. International aid
2. Removing tariffs (trade agreements)
3. Fair trade
4. FDI
121
What is FDI?
When a TNC invests in another country - potentially pushing up wages and bringing in investmet.
122
How does removing tariffs reduced uneven development?
Removes tax barriers - helping countries to increase trade.
123
Advantage of bottom-up development.
They target
specific needs of local
people.
124
Disadvantage of bottom-up development.
Development is
slow and small-scale, and
reliant on NGO support and solutions.
125
Give social context to India.
Population divided into 29 states.
Population is divided into social ranks called "castes".
126
Give cultural context to India.
80% of the population are Hindu.
Other religions including Islam, Sikhism and Buddhism.
Bollywood - 1600 films a year.
127
Give environmental context to India.
India experiences two monsoon seasons.
The north-east monsoon occurs during the cooler months and the south-west monsoon during the warmer months.
128
Give a example of a core region in India.
Goa.
129
Give a example of a periphery region in India.
Bihar
130
Why is Bihar a peripheral region?
Little investment in infrastructure and industry
means development is slow. Lack of clean water and
unreliable rainfall makes life very difficult.
131
Why is Goa a core region?
An investment in industries has brought exports and wealth to the region.
132
When did India gain it's independence?
1947
133
How has the primary sector changed in India?
Agriculture has halved to a quarter of it's GDP as people migrate from rural areas to urban cities in search of work.
134
What happened in the 1980's that caused India to change economically?
Started to encourage FDI.
135
How has the secondary sector changed in India?
Industrialisation is increasing. However, it is
causing air pollution and increasing the population density in
cities (unplanned settlements).
136
How has the tertiary sector changed in India?
Services have doubled to over 50% of GDP owing
to increased job opportunities.
137
How has the quaternary sector changed in India?
India has developed one of the fastest growing
telecommunication markets in the world, creating over 1
million ICT jobs.
138
What are India's key imports?
Oil, gold, silver, and electrical
goods.
139
What are India's key exports?
Oil products, gems and jewellery
140
Describe public investment in India.
The public sector is very big in India – it
invests in education, healthcare, transport and housing.
141
Describe private investment in India.
TNCs are key to India’s economic
development.
142
How has inequality changed in India?
Increased - widening gap between the rich and the poor.
Women still continue to have a lower social status.
143
How has education changed in India?
Greater investment in schools allowed literacy rate to improve.
144
What is geopolitics?
The impact of a country’s human and physical
geography on its international politics and relations.
145
What are the military pacts India has?
Building links with Russia to supply them with missiles and jets.
146
What are the foreign policies India has?
India is building links with France and Canada to encourage defence, energy and infrastructure.
147
Why is India working with the USA?
India is building links with the USA to provide warships
and planes for assistance and disaster relief.
148
What are India's territorial disputes?
In dispute with China.
Dams limit each others water supply.
149
What term is used to show the technological inequality in core and periphery areas in India?
Digital divide.
150
What are the negative impacts of rapid development in India?
Deforestation and desertification
Increased CO₂ emissions
Lack of housing – shanty towns
Cost of new infrastructure
151
What are the positive impacts of rapid development in India?
Better jobs, income and healthcare.
Larger workforce, stronger
economy
Increase in tourism – jobs
and income.
152
What is the biggest negative impact of rapid development in India?
Growing gap between core and periphery regions.
153
How has India become more sustainable?
India has agreed to invest in renewable energy such as solar power and plant more forest to absorb carbon emissions.
