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Geography > Topic 4 - Changing cities > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Changing cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

Increase in the percentage of people living in built-up areas.

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2
Q

Characteristics of urban area

A

High concentration of buildings, people, roads, bridges, and railways.

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3
Q

4 ways cities change

A

Urbanisation
Suburbanisation
Counter urbanisation
Re-urbanisation

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4
Q

Define an urban area.

A

A built up area such as a town or a city

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5
Q

Positives impacts of urbanisation

A

The increase in population in urban areas creates a skilled workforce that attracts TNC’s creating jobs
Increase in economy of area meaning education can be supplied and hygiene can improve

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6
Q

Disadvantages of urbanisation

A

Pressure on housing meaning some people have to build own homes - poor living conditions
Pressure on job opportunities meaning people work long hours for low pay

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7
Q

Define site

A

The actual location of a settlement on earth

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8
Q

Define situation

A

Location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places

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9
Q

Reasons for urban locations

A

Unlikely to flood, good for agriculture, high up so good defensive site, easy to access

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10
Q

Define migration

A

Movement of people from place to place

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11
Q

What are the physical reasons for regional variation in the UK?

A

Land is mostly steeper in the north west than it is in the south east. It means farming is difficult and fewer people live there. Also in the south the fertile soil perfect for farming means not many people can live there due to space needed for farming this leads to younger people migrating to cities in search of education and employment.

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12
Q

What are the economical reasons for regional variation in the UK?

A

London and other urban areas have a good mix of banking, culture and the creative industries. Which attracts people.
The amount of employment available.

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13
Q

What is the site of Birmingham?

A

Located on a dry-point site to avoid the risk of flooding. City was built on a plateau overlooking the River Rea

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14
Q

One reason for urbanisation in developed countries.

A

Factory jobs in the industrial revolution meant people moved from rural areas to urban areas.

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15
Q

Scotland has a low population density because…

A

the upland areas means that transport and construction is expensive.

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16
Q

Why are there few large urban areas in the North of England?

A

Upland areas make it difficult to build.

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17
Q

How does infrastructure improve the degree of urbanistaion?

A

Areas accessible by motorways or fast rail links are more desirable and grow more rapidly. More commuting and the movement of goods becomes cheaper and rapid.

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18
Q

Define the term deindustrialisation.

A

A decline in industrial activity in a region.

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19
Q

What are the reasons for city growth?

A

Natural increase.
Migration.

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20
Q

Two problems caused by rapid urbanisation in developing countries.

A

Illegal and unplanned shanty towns develop, on the outskirts of cities as there is little affordable housing available in the city center.
Air, noise and water pollution become problems.

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21
Q

What is a reason for regional variation (transport links)?

A

Areas accessible by motorways or fast-rail links are more desirable and grow more rapidly, as commuting and the movement of goods becomes easier and more economic.

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22
Q

Define sub-urbanisation.

A

Mass movement of people to the outer edge of a settlement.

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23
Q

Define counter-urbanisation

A

Mass movement of people from an urban to a smaller settlement and rural area.

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24
Q

Define re-urbanisation.

A

Mass movement of people back to inner city areas, where the population had previously declined

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25
Q

Explain the historical factors that influence population distribution in the UK.

A

The industrial revolution in the 19th century meant that people moved from rural to urban areas for jobs and a higher income.

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26
Q

What are the advantages of migration on Birmingham?

A

Young, working population.
Multicultural society.
Ethnic communities establishing shops and places of worship.

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of migration on Birmingham? (2)

A

A demand for housing.
Pressure on services such as school and the NHS.

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28
Q

What are the causes of deindustrialisation in Birmingham? (4)

A

Technological advances - mechanisation
Globalisation - competition from abroad
Decentralisation - Inner city redeveloped. Factories demolished for new houses.
Developments in transport - 1970’s ring road built. Some factories removed for room.

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29
Q

What is an impact of deindustrialisation in Birmingam?

A

Due to the closure of the manufacturing industry, many parts of Birmingham have experienced economic decline.

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30
Q

How is the economic change impacting Birmingham? (3)

A

Closing factories has led to high unemployment in Birmingham.
There is pressure on good-quality yet affordable housing.
Areas of deprivation have children who struggle to access and succeed in education.

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31
Q

How has Birmingham’s CBD changed? (3)

A

De-centralisation in the 19th century - people moved from polluted, noisy and expensive city center to the suburbs.
Movement of factories and the manufacturing industry to the suburbs, in the 1880’s.
Movement of retail shops to the suburbs in the 1970’s.

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32
Q

How is Birmingham making urban living more sustainable? (4)

A

Canals in Birmingham have been cleaned.
The towpaths have been upgraded to encourage people to cycle and walk along the canal.
Eastside city park was developed to increase the amount of green space in Birmingham.
Park and ride scheme to manage traffic, and reduce pollution.

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33
Q

What is the park and ride scheme?

A

People will park their cars to use buses and the Birmingham metro line.

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34
Q

Why do people migrate to Birmingham?

A

Education - has 5 universities
Jobs - higher paid and better job opportunities
Fleeing persecution - many people fled from fighting from Syria and Afghanistan in the 2012-15 period
International migration - better jobs and standard of living in the UK

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35
Q

What are some UK industrial cities that grew rapidly?

A

Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Bradford and Swansea.

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36
Q

Define birth rate.

A

The number of babies born per 1000 people.

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37
Q

Define central business district (CBD).

A

Central area of a city, where land is dominated by a variety of stores, services and entertainment.

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38
Q

Define death rate.

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people.

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39
Q

Define function.

A

The purpose of a particular area.

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40
Q

Define Inner city.

A

The area around the CBD - usually built before 1918 in the UK.

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41
Q

Define land use.

A

The type of buildings and other features found in an area.

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42
Q

Define push factor.

A

Reasons why people choose to leave a place.

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43
Q

Define pull factor.

A

The reasons why people choose to move to a place.

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44
Q

Define natural increase.

A

When birth rate is larger than death rate.

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45
Q

Which 2 continents are seeing the greatest rate of urbanisation?

A

Asia and Africa.

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46
Q

What is the main cause of urbanisation in developed countries?

A

Industrialisation - in the UK the mechanisation of farming and the rise in factories in the 1800/1900s meant that people moved from rural areas to cities.

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47
Q

What is a positive effect of urbanisation?

A

Investment increases leading to more economic opportunities.

48
Q

What are some negative effects of urbanisation?

A

Air, noise and water pollution increasing.
Illegal squatter settlements often develop.
Gap between the rich and poor often widens.

49
Q

Name 4 major UK cities with high population densities.

A

London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham.

50
Q

Give 3 reasons for regional population variation in the UK.

A

Relief
Climate
Historical ports - providing jobs in the shipping industry.

51
Q

Name 2 major UK cities that have historical ports.

A

London and Liverpool

52
Q

Describe the general population distribution of the UK.

A

Lower in the north, higher in the south.

53
Q

Describe the site of Birmingham.

A

Began as a small village on a dry point site plateau in the Midlands.

54
Q

Describe the situation of Birmingham.

A

Located centrally has excellent links to the rest of England.

55
Q

Describe the connectivity of Birmingham.

A

Accessible motorways, New Street rail station and Birmingham International Airport means that Birmingham is well connected.

56
Q

Describe the culture of Birmingham.

A

Multicultural city with nearly a quarter of its residents born outside the UK.

57
Q

Describe Birmingham’s environmental state.

A

Many parks and is ranked 15th in the UK as a sustainable city.

58
Q

Describe the CBD of Birmingham.

A

Main financial centre of the city. Contains offices, shops, theatres and hotels.

59
Q

What redevelopment schemes has Birmingham undergone?

A

Introduced a shopping centre - the bullring.
The old Mailbox and canal have been transformed.

60
Q

Describe the inner city of Birmingham.

A

Comprises of rows and rows of terraced housing.

61
Q

What does the suburbs of Birmingham consist of?

A

Mostly semi-detached housing built between the 1930s and 1960s as the city grew.

62
Q

What does the rural-urban fringe of Birmingham consist of?

A

A mixture of newer modern housing, out of town shopping centres and industrial units.

63
Q

How has urbanisation changed Birmingham?

A

Influenced by manufacturing e.g. jewellery, small houses were built for workers.

64
Q

How has suburbanisation changed Birmingham?

A

A growing population meant building houses on the outskirts.

65
Q

How has counter-urbanisation changed Birmingham?

A

Developments in the inner city has forced people out to places like Redditch.

66
Q

How has re-urbanisation changed Birmingham?

A

People want to live close to work and facilities - modern flats near the canal have been redeveloped.

67
Q

What are the 2 main causes for national migration to and from Birmingham?

A

People moving out to coastal areas to retire.
People moving in as the CBD has employment opportunities.

68
Q

What are the 2 main causes for international migration to Birmingham?

A

People moving in who have fled conflict.
People moving in to fill key jobs encouraged by the government.

69
Q

What evidence shows Birmingham’s population to be youthful?

A

2011 census, shows of the 1.1 million people, nearly a quarter are children.

70
Q

What does Birmingham’s youthful population tell us?

A

That natural increase is one of the main reason for Birmingham’s population growth.

71
Q

Give 3 reasons for Birmingham’s population growth.

A

Increased life expectancy.
Immigration.
Natural increase.

72
Q

When did Birmingham go through a period of deindustrialisation.

A

1970s

73
Q

What were the reasons for deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

A

Increased demand for foreign cars meaning car factories closed.
Globalisiation - meaning goods can be made cheaper abroad.
Technological advancements meaning there was no need for labour.

74
Q

What has happened to the old factories of Birmingham?

A

Been demolished to make way for new housing or redeveloped.

75
Q

What evidence is there for deprivation in Birmingham?

A

40% of the population are amongst the most deprived in England.

76
Q

What are 2 reasons for deprivation in Birmingham?

A

Recent deindustrialisation.
Population growth.
Led to a lack of investment in some areas.

77
Q

Where is deprivation present in Birmingham?

A

Inner city areas, but also exists in the suburbs.

78
Q

Why may migrants not be able to easily get jobs?

A

Often don’t have the skills or qualifications for the jobs that are available.

79
Q

What changes has Birmingham experienced in retailing?

A

Council supported re-development projects such as the Bullring and Grand Central shopping centres.
New out of town shopping centres (The Fort).
Internet shopping reduced consumers in the CBD.

80
Q

What changes have Birmingham made to it’s recycling system?

A

Improved it, reducing the amount of waste going into landfill.

81
Q

What methods of transport do the Birmingham City Council encourage it’s residents to do?

A

Walk, cycle, car share or use public transport.

82
Q

How is Birmingham trying to improve housing?

A

Making it more affordable for residents.
Making it energy efficient - improving insulation and windows.

83
Q

How is Birmingham improving education?

A

Education partnerships to recruit and retrain teachers.

84
Q

Describe Mexico City’s site.

A

Began as a settlement on an island in Lake Texcoco in Aztec times.
Located on a plateau.

85
Q

Describe Mexico City’s situation.

A

Surrounded by mountains and volcanoes.

86
Q

Describe the connectivity of Mexico city.

A

Major highways link it to North and South America.

87
Q

Describe the culture of Mexico City.

A

Largest Spanish speaking city in the world.

88
Q

Describe Mexico City’s CBD.

A

Financial centre with office blocks, government buildings and the Mexican Stock exchange.

89
Q

Describe Mexico City’s inner city.

A

Consists of older slums and abandoned multi-storey colonial mansions that have been converted into cheap flats.

90
Q

Describe Mexico City’s suburbs.

A

Mostly middle-class housing with heavy security.

91
Q

Describe Mexico City’s rural-urban fringe.

A

Dominated by new, unregulated shanty towns.

92
Q

When did Mexico city experience high rates of population increase?

A

In the 1950s where a high birth rate and falling death rate saw the population grow rapidly.

93
Q

How much did Mexico City’s population grow between 1950 and 2010?

A

From 2 million to 19 million.

94
Q

3 reasons for population increase in Mexico City.

A
  1. Natural increase
  2. Migration
  3. Investment
95
Q

What 2 types of migration has Mexico City experienced?

A
  1. Rural-urban (national migration)
  2. Inernational migration
96
Q

How has investment in Mexico City led to population increase?

A

The construction of factories and offices has created job opportunities.

97
Q

Why do people nationally migrate to Mexico City?

A

Better job opportunities, better housing and better services.

98
Q

Where do international migrants usually arrive from and where do they live?

A

USA, France and Germany.
Live in the wealthier suburbs.

99
Q

What are the negative impacts of migration on Mexico City?

A
  1. Housing shortage - shanty towns on edge of city.
  2. Job shortages - high levels of unemployment and crime.
  3. Air pollution - more cars on the road, leads to respiratory problems.
  4. Pressure on a clean water supply.
100
Q

What has rapid growth led to in Mexico City?

A

Extreme inequality - wealth v poverty.

101
Q

Give evidence to show the extreme inequality in Mexico City.

A

Bottom 20% earn 13 times less than top 20%.

102
Q

Compare the mean years of schooling of the top 10% of Mexico city to the bottom 10%.

A

2 years of schooling compare to 12 years of schooling.

103
Q

Give a statistic showing the poverty of Mexico City.

A

1 in 3 workers are paid less than the minimum wage of US$4 a day.

104
Q

What do those living in shanty towns not have in Mexico City?

A

Electricity, running water, sanitation and services.

105
Q

What do the wealthy residents of Mexico City have?

A

Large gardens and houses, swimming pools.

106
Q

Where are some migrants in Mexico City forced to live?

A

On waste dumps, collecting waste to recycle for money.

107
Q

What is an effect of rapid urbanisation to do with waste?

A

Mexico City has inadequate services to deal with population growth and therefore wast is dumped on streets.

108
Q

What are shanty towns?

A

Illegal settlements that migrants are forced to build out of scrap materials.

109
Q

How does the geographical location of Mexico City affect air pollution?

A

Surrounding mountains trap air pollutants.

110
Q

What are top down development projects?

A

Large-scale projects funded by the government.

111
Q

What are some examples of top-down development projects in Mexico City?

A

Affordable housing and transport schemes.

112
Q

What are bottom up development projects?

A

Small scale projects funded by charities (NGOs) or community projects.

113
Q

Give examples of social bottom up development projects in Mexico City.

A

Cultiva - works with children to educate them about gardening.
Roof top gardens allows residents to grow healthy foods.
Local people work together to help build schools and health centres.

114
Q

Give examples of top down economic development projects in Mexico City.

A

Affordable housing ($8,000) has been developed to try and solve the housing shortage.
Barter Market.

115
Q

What is the Barter Market?

A

A trash for food trading system.

116
Q

What is an example of a top-down environmental project in Mexico City?

A

A Metrobus system has been introduced by the government.

117
Q

What are the positive effects of the Metrobus system?

A

Reduces journey times and traffic.
Reduces CO2 emissions.

Geography (8 decks)

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